![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
The Resiliency Scale for Young Adults (RSYA) is presented as an upward extension of the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (RSCA). The RSYA is based on the three-factor model of personal resiliency including mastery, relatedness, and emotional reactivity. Several stages of scale development and studies leading to the current RSYA are described that provide construct validity (i.e., internal consistency, confirmatory factor analyses, and convergent–divergent validity) support for the three-factor structure and 10 subscales of this measure for young adults who are attending college. This work is a step in a longer-term project of translating the constructs of personal resiliency for application across the life span.
Keywords resiliency, resilience, mastery, relatedness, emotional reactivity, young adults
References
Section:
|
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28, 117-148. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman. Google Scholar | |
|
Block, J., Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Block, J. H., Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In Collins, W. A. (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect, and social relations: The Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Brissette, I., Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S. (2002). The role of optimism in social network development, coping and psychological adjustment during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 102-111. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.102. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Brown, T. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Cooper, A., Petrides, K. V. (2010). A psychometric analysis of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire–Short Form (TEIQue–SF) using item response theory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 449-457. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143-156. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Burton, C. L., Bonanno, G. A. (2012). Coping flexibility, potentially traumatic life events, and resilience: A prospective study of college student adjustment. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 31, 542-567. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hu, L., Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Latham, G., Green, P. (1997). The journey to university: A study of the first year experience. Retrieved from http://ultibase.rmit.edu.au/Ariticles/dec97/greenlath1.htm Google Scholar | |
|
Lovibond, P. F., Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335-343. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In Cicchetti, D., Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 739-795). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543-562. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Masten, A. S. (2007). Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 921-930. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Masten, A. S. (2014). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Masten, A. S., Burt, K. B., Roisman, G. I., Obradović, J., Long, J. D., Tellegen, A. (2004). Resources and resilience in the transition to adulthood: Continuity and change. Developmental Psychopathology, 16, 1071-1094. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Masten, A. S., Obradovic, J. (2006). Competence and resilience in development. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(Resilience in Children), 13-27. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Masten, A. S., Wright, M. O. (2009). Resilience over the lifespan. In Reich, J. W. (Ed.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 213-237). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Osman, A., Wong, J. L., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S., Gutierrez, P. M., Lozano, G. (2012). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—21 (DASS-21): Further examination of dimensions, scale reliability, and correlates. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 1322-1338. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Paul, E. L., Brier, S. (2001). Friendsickness in the transition to college: Precollege predictors and college adjustment correlates. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79, 77-89. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Pavot, W., Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Petrides, K. V., Furnham, A. (2006). Technical manual of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue). London, England: Institute of Education, University of London. Google Scholar | |
|
Prince-Embury, S. (2006). Resiliency scales for adolescents: Profiles of personal strength. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment. Google Scholar | |
|
Prince-Embury, S. (2007). Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents: Profiles of personal strength. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment. Google Scholar | |
|
Prince-Embury, S. (2008a). The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents, psychological symptoms, and clinical status in adolescents. The Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23, 41-56. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Prince-Embury, S. (2008b). Translating resiliency theory for assessment and application in schools. The Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23, 4-10. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Prince-Embury, S. (2009). The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents as related to parent education and race/ethnicity in children. The Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 24, 167-182. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Prince-Embury, S. (2010a). Assessment for integrated screening and prevention using the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents. In Doll, B., Pfohl, W., Yoon, J. (Eds.), Handbook of youth prevention science (pp.141-162). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Prince-Embury, S. (2010b). Psychometric properties of the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents and use for youth with psychiatric disorders. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28, 291-303. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Prince-Embury, S. (2011). Assessing personal resiliency in the school context using the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 48, 672-685. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Prince-Embury, S. (2012). Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents: Constructs, research and clinical application. In Goldstein, S., Brooks, R. (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (2nd ed.) (pp. 273-289). New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar | |
|
Prince-Embury, S. (2013). Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents: Theory, research and clinical application. In Prince-Embury, S., Saklofske, D. (Eds.), Resilience in children, adolescent, and adults: Translating research for practice (pp. 19-44). New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Prince-Embury, S. (2014). A three factor model of personal resilience and related assessment. In Prince-Embury, S., Saklofske, D. (Eds.), Resilience interventions for youth in diverse populations (pp. 25-57). New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Prince-Embury, S., Courville, T. (2008a). Comparison of one, two and three factor models of personal resilience using the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23, 11-25. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Prince-Embury, S., Courville, T. (2008b). Measurement invariance of the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents with respect to sex and age cohorts. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23, 26-40. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Prince-Embury, S., Saklofske, D. H. (2013). Translating resilience theory for application: Introduction. In Prince-Embury, S., Saklofske, D. H. (Eds.), Resilience in children, adolescents, and adults: Translating research into practice (pp. 3-7). New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Prince-Embury, S., Saklofske, D. H. (2014). Building a science of resilience intervention for youth. In Prince-Embury, S., Saklofske, D. H. (Eds.), Resilience interventions for youth in diverse populations (pp. 3-12). New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Prince-Embury, S., Saklofske, D., Veseley, A. (2015). Resiliency measures. In Boyle, G., Saklofske, D., Matthews, G. (Ed.), Handbook of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 290-321). London, England: Elsevier. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 307-321. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Richardson, G. E., Neiger, B., Jensen, S., Kumpfer, K. (1990). The resiliency model. Health Education, 21, 33-39. Google Scholar | |
|
Rothbart, M. K., Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In Lamb, M. E., Brown, A. L. (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 37-86). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Google Scholar | |
|
Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychology, 147, 598-611. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-331. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Rutter, M. (1990). Competence under stress: Risk and protective factors. In Rolf, J., Masten, A. S., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., Weintraub, S. (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181-214). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Saklofske, D. H., Austin, E. J., Mastoras, S. M., Beaton, L., Osborne, S. E. (2012). Relationships of personality, affect, emotional intelligence and coping with student stress and academic success: Different patterns of association for stress and success. Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 251-257. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Saklofske, D. H., Nordstokke, D. W., Prince-Embury, S., Crupler, S., Nugent, S., Vesely, A., Hindes, Y. (2013). Assessing personal resiliency in young adults: The Resilience Scale for Children and Adolescents. In Prince-Embury, S., Saklofkse, D. H. (Eds.), Resilience in children, adolescents and adults (pp. 189-198). New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Seligman, M. E. P. (1998). The prediction and prevention of depression. In Routh, D. K., DeRubeis, R. J. (Eds.), The science of clinical psychology: Accomplishments and future directions (pp. 201-214). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Seligman, M. E. P. (with Reivich, K., Jaycox, L., Gillham, J.). (1995). The optimistic child. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Stelnicki, A., Nordstokke, D., Saklofske, D. H. (2015). Who is the successful university student? An analysis of personal resources. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 45, 214-228. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Tabachnick, B., Fidell, L. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Pearson. Google Scholar | |
|
Tusaie, K., Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18, 3-10. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Urani, M. A., Miller, S. A., Johnson, J. E., Petzel, T. P. (2003). Homesickness in socially anxious first year college students. College Student Journal, 37, 392-400. Google Scholar | |
|
Vesely, A. K., Saklofske, D. H., Nordstokke, D. W. (2014). EI training and pre-service teacher wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences, 65, 81-85. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wald, J., Taylor, S., Amundson, G., Jang, K., Stapleton, J. (2006). Literature of concepts: Psychological resiliency (Final Report Contract No. W7711-057959/A). Toronto, Ontario: Defense R&D Canada. Google Scholar | |
|
Werner, E. E. (1997). Vulnerable but invincible: High-risk children from birth to adulthood. Acta Paediatrica, 86(Suppl. S422), 103-105. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Werner, E. E., Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Werner, E. E., Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297-333. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Zeidner, M., Saklofske, D. H. (1996). Adaptive and maladaptive coping. In. Zeidner, M., Endler, N. S. (Eds.), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (pp. 505-531). New York, NY: John Wiley. Google Scholar |
