Abstract
Student engagement appears to be associated with high-quality learning outcomes. Thus, it is important to measure whether students are engaging effectively in class. This article describes the development and validation of a measure of student engagement named the Student Course Engagement Scale (SCES). Exploratory and confirmatory analyses were conducted on two independent samples (n = 543 and n = 893, respectively) of Taiwanese college students. The resultant 20-item SCES demonstrated good reliability and factorial validity as well as being correlated positively with other engagement measures. The results also confirm the measurement invariance of the five-factors SCES across different gender groups. This instrument provides a practical and valuable tool for assessing course engagement among Chinese college students.
|
Appleton, J. J., Christenson, S. L., Kim, D., Reschly, A. (2006). Measuring cognitive and psychological engagement: Validation of the Student Engagement Instrument. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 427-445. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Axelson, R., Flick, A. (2011). Defining student engagement. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 43, 38-43. Google Scholar | |
|
Betts, J. E., Appleton, J. J., Reschly, A. L., Christenson, S. L., Huebner, E. S. (2010). A study of the factorial invariance of the Student Engagement Instrument (SEI): Results from middle and high school students. School Psychology Quarterly, 25, 84-93. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Bulger, M. E., Mayer, R. E., Almeroth, K. C., Blau, S. D. (2008). Measuring learner engagement in computer-equipped college classrooms. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 17, 129-143. Google Scholar | |
|
Chang, C. C. (2015). Analysis of learning involvement of junior high students by grade level and gender. Taiwan Education Review, 4, 143-146. Google Scholar | |
|
Chang, D. F. (2012). Exploring the theory and praxis of college student engagement. Evaluation in Higher Education, 8, 41-62. Google Scholar | |
|
Chapman, E. (2003). Alternative approaches to assessing student engagement rates. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 8. Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=8&n=13 Google Scholar | |
|
Cheung, G. W., Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing MI. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 235-255. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Chou, R. T. C. (2008). To construct college students’ course engagement questionnaire. Journal of Taiwan intelligent Technologies and Applied Statistics, 6, 173-188. Google Scholar | |
|
Christenson, S. L., Reschly, A. L., Wylie, C. (2012). Handbook of research on student engagement. New York, NY: Springer Science. Google Scholar | |
|
Coates, H. (2007). A model of online and general campus-based student engagement. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 32, 121-141. Google Scholar | |
|
Dotterer, A. M., Lowe, K. (2011). Classroom context, school engagement, and academic achievement in early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 1649-1660. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI | |
|
Fredericks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74, 59-109. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Glanville, J. L., Wildhagen, T. (2007). The measurement of school engagement: Assessing dimensionality and measurement invariance across race and ethnicity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 67, 1019-1041. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Handelsman, M. M., Briggs, W. L., Sullivan, N., Towler, A. (2005). A measure of college student course engagement. Journal of Educational Research, 98, 184-191. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Harris, L. R. (2008). A phenomenographic investigation of teacher conceptions of student engagement in learning. The Australian Educational Researcher, 35, 57-79. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Hu, L., Bentler, P. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 10, 424-453. Google Scholar | |
|
Hu, Y. L., Ching, G. S., Chao, P. C. (2012). Taiwan student engagement model: Conceptual framework and overview of psychometric properties. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 1, 69-90. Google Scholar | |
|
Johnson, M. K., Crosnoe, R., Elder, G. (2001). Students’ attachment and academic engagement: The role of the race and ethnicity. Sociology of Education, 74, 318-340. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Joreskog, K. G. (2004). Structural equation modeling with ordinal variables using LISREL (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International. Google Scholar | |
|
Joreskog, K. G., Sorbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8. User’s reference guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International. Google Scholar | |
|
Kahu, E. R. (2013). Framing student engagement in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 38, 758-773. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Kazmi, A. (2010). Sleep walking through undergrad: Using student engagement as an institutional alarm clock. College Quarterly, 13, 1-15. Google Scholar | |
|
Kline, P. (1993). The handbook of psychological testing. London, England: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Krause, K. L., Coates, H. (2008). Students’ engagement in first year university. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 33, 493-505. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Lee, Y. M., Sun, S. H. (2010). The relationship between autonomous motivation of course-taking and learning engagement on college students. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 55, 155-182. Google Scholar | |
|
Lin, S. H., Huang, Y. C. (2012). Development of learning engagement scale for college students. Psychological Testing, 59, 373-396. Google Scholar | |
|
Liu, S., Rosa, M. J. (2008). Quality assessment of undergraduate education in China: A policy analysis. Higher Education Management and Policy, 20, 79-96. Google Scholar | |
|
Lovelace, M. D., Reschly, A. L., Appleton, J. J., Lutz, M. E. (2014). Concurrent and predictive validity of the student engagement instrument. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32, 509-520. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lutz, M. E., Culver, S. (2010). The National Survey of Student Engagement: A university-level analysis. Tertiary Education and Management, 16, 35-44. Google Scholar | |
|
Luzeckyj, A., Schmidt, L., Reynolds, L. C. (2012). Using Australian Survey of Student Engagement data to stimulate discussion in a First Year Community of Practice. In Mortimer, R. , ed. 15th International First Year in Higher Education Conference. Brisbane, QLD: QUT Events. 2012 FYHE Conference. Brisbane, QLD. June 2012, pp. 1-5. Google Scholar | |
|
Martin, A. J. (2007). Examining a multidimensional model of student motivation and engagement using a construct validation approach. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 413-440. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI | |
|
Motti-Stefanidi, F., Masten, A., Asendorpf, J. B. (2015). School engagement trajectories of immigrant youth: Risks and longitudinal interplay with academic success. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39, 32-42. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
National Survey of Student Engagement . (2000). The NSSE report: National benchmarks of effective educational practice. Bloomington: Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research and Planning. Google Scholar | |
|
Reeve, J. (2006). Teachers as facilitators: What autonomy-supportive teachers do and why their students benefit. The Elementary School Journal, 106, 225-236. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Reschly, A. L., Betts, J., Appleton, J. J. (2014). An examination of the validity of two measures of student engagement. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 2, 106-114. Google Scholar | |
|
Reyes, M. R., Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., White, M., Salovey, P. (2012). Classroom emotional climate, student engagement, and academic achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 700-712. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Sass, D. A. (2011). Testing measurement invariance and comparing latent factor means within a confirmatory factor analysis framework. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 347-363. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Sun, J. C.-Y. (2014). Influence of polling technologies on student engagement: An analysis of student motivation, academic performance, and brainwave data. Computers & Education, 72, 80-89. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Svanum, S., Bigatti, S. M. (2009). Academic course engagement during one semester forecasts college success: Engaged students are more likely to earn a degree, do it faster and do it better. Journal of College Student Development, 50, 120-132. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Treloar, H. R., Martens, M. P., McCarthy, D. M. (2014). Testing measurement invariance of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale in college men and women. Psychological Assessment, 26, 307-313. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Van Ryzin, M. J . (2011). Protective factors at school: Reciprocal effects among adolescents’ perceptions of the school environment, engagement in learning, and hope. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 1568-1580. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI | |
|
Wonglorsaichon, B., Wongwanich, S., Wiratchai, N. (2014). The influence of students school engagement on learning achievement: A structural equation modeling analysis. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 1748-1755. Google Scholar | |
|
Yang, C. H., Wu, M. L., Chou, P. P. (2014). A study of technology university students’ English learning engagement scale construction. Bulletin of Meiho University, 33, 1-16. Google Scholar | |
|
Yin, H., Wang, W. (2016). Undergraduate students’ motivation and engagement in China: An exploratory study. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 41, 601-621. Google Scholar | |
|
Zhao, C. M., Carini, R. M., Kuh, G. D. (2005). Searching for the peach blossom Shangri-La: Student engagement of men and women SMET majors. Review of Higher Education, 28, 503-525. Google Scholar | ISI |

