The purpose of this study was to adapt the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition (RCMAS-2) into Mandarin and to examine its psychometric properties among Chinese adolescents. The participants included 436 Chinese students in Grades 7 to 12 who were administered the Chinese version of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS-2-C). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed to examine the factor structure of the RCMAS-2-C. Results indicated a modified four-factor model (Worry and Social Anxiety factors combined, Physiological Anxiety, Defensiveness I, and Defensiveness II factors) provided an adequate model fit to the data. Categorical omegas were computed and ranged from .68 to .90 for the RCMAS-2 scale scores. Convergent evidence of validity for the RCMAS-2-C anxiety scores was also found. Implications of the findings of the study for clinicians and researchers are discussed.

Albano, A. M., Chorpita, B. F., Barlow, D. H. (2003). Childhood anxiety disorders. In Mash, E. J., Barkley, R. A. (Eds.), Child psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 279-329). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Google Scholar
Ang, R. P., Huan, V. S. (2006). Academic Expectations Stress Inventory: Development, factor analysis, reliability, and validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 522-539. doi:10.1177/0013164405282461
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Ang, R. P., Lowe, P. A., Yusof, N. (2011). An examination of the RCMAS-2 scores across gender, ethnic background, and age in a large Asian school sample. Psychological Assessment, 23, 899-910. doi:10.1037/a0023891
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Bhattacharya, R., Shen, C., Sambamoorthi, U. (2014). Excess risk of chronic physical conditions associated with depression and anxiety. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 1-10. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-10
Google Scholar
Bodas, J., Ollendick, T. H. (2005). Test anxiety: A cross-cultural perspective. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 65-88. doi:10.1007/s10567-005-2342-x
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Google Scholar
Browne, M. W., Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A., Long, J. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
Castaneda, A., McCandless, B., Palermo, D. (1956). The children’s form of the Manifest Anxiety Scale. Child Development, 27, 317-326.
Google Scholar | ISI
Chen, J., Yu, J., Li, X., Zhang, J. (2015). Genetic and environmental contributions to anxiety among Chinese children and adolescents—A multi-informant twin study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 586-594. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12310
Google Scholar | Medline
Christensen, H., Jorm, A. F., Mackinnon, A. J., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Henderson, A. S., Rodgers, B. (1999). Age differences in depression and anxiety symptoms: A structural equation modeling analysis of data from a general population sample. Psychological Medicine, 29, 325-339. doi:10.1017/s0033291798008150
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Edelmann, R. J. (1992). Anxiety: Theory, research and intervention in clinical and health psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Google Scholar
Finch, A. J., Kendall, P. C., Montgomery, L. E. (1974). Multidimensionality of anxiety in children: Factor structure of Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2, 331-336.
Google Scholar | Medline
Finch, A. J., Montgomery, L. E., Deardorff, P. A. (1974). Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale: Reliability with emotionally disturbed children. Psychological Reports, 34, 658.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Green, S. B., Yang, Y. (2009). Reliability of summed item scores using structural equation modeling: An alternative to coefficient alpha. Psychometrika, 74, 155-167. doi:10.1007/s11336-008-9099-3
Google Scholar | ISI
Hathaway, S. R., McKinley, J. C. (1943). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Google Scholar
Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58, 47-77.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Hinton, D. E. (2010). Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 1117-1127. doi:10.1002/da.20759
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Hu, L., Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structural analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
Google Scholar | ISI
Kelley, K., Pornprasertmanit, S. (2016). Confidence intervals for population reliability coefficients: Evaluation of methods, recommendations, and software for composite measures. Psychological Methods, 21, 69-92. doi:10.1037/a0040086
Google Scholar | Medline
Lewinsohn, P. M., Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, M., Seeley, J. R., Allen, N. B. (1998). Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 109-117. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.1.109
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Lowe, P. A. (2014a). A closer look at the psychometric properties of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition among U.S. elementary and secondary school students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32, 495-508. doi:10.1177/0734282914528611
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Lowe, P. A. (2014b). The Test Anxiety Measure for Adolescents (TAMA): Examination of the reliability and validity of the scores of a new multidimensional measure of test anxiety for middle and high school students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32, 404-416. doi:10.1177/0734282913520595
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Lowe, P. A. (2015). Should test anxiety be measured differently for males and females? Examination of measurement bias across gender on measures of test anxiety for middle and high school, and college students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 33, 238-246. doi:10.1177/0734282914549428
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Mulaik, S. A. (2009). Foundations of factor analysis. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., Muthén, B. O. (1998-2015). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author.
Google Scholar
Raad, J. (2013). Validation of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, Second Edition (RCMAS-2) scores for children with specific learning disabilities (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://guides.lib.ku.edu/etd
Google Scholar
R Development Core Team . (2016). R (Version 3.3.2). Available from https://www.r-project.org/
Google Scholar
Reynolds, C. R., Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271-280. doi:10.1007/BF00919131
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Reynolds, C. R. (1985). Multitrait validation of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale for children of high intelligence. Psychological Reports, 56, 402. doi:10.2466/pr0.1985.56.2.402
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Reynolds, C. R., Richmond, B. O. (2008a). The Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale-Second Edition (RCMAS-2). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Service.
Google Scholar
Reynolds, C. R., Richmond, B. O. (2008b). Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, Second Edition (RCMAS-2): Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Google Scholar
Schafer, J. L. (1999). Multiple imputation: A primer. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8, 3-15.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Spence, J. T., Spence, K. W. (1966). The motivational component of manifest anxiety: Drive and drive stimuli. In Spielberger, C. D. (Ed.), Anxiety and behavior (pp. 291-326). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Google Scholar
Spielberger, C. D., Anton, W. D., Bedell, J. (1976). The nature and treatment of test anxiety. In Zuckerman, M., Spielberger, C. D. (Eds.), Emotions and anxiety: New concepts, methods, and applications (pp. 317-344). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Google Scholar
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Google Scholar
Taylor, J. A. (1951). The relationship of anxiety to the conditioned eyelid response. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41, 81-92. doi:10.1037/h0059488
Google Scholar | Medline
To, K. L. S. (2011). The role of democratic family and school environment in urban and rural Chinese adolescents’ attitudes about children’s rights and their psychological well-being (Master’s thesis). University of Toronto, Canada. Retrieved from https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/30109/1/To_KimLunSharon_201111_MA_thesis.pdf
Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69, 907-924. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696169
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Waza, K., Graham, A. V., Zyzanski, S. J., Inoue, K. (1999). Comparison of symptoms in Japanese and American depressed primary care patients. Family Practice, 16, 528-533. doi:10.1093/fampra/16.5.528
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Wu, L. M., Liu, Y., Chen, H. M., Tseng, H. C., Lin, W. T. (2016). Psychometric properties of the RCMAS-2 in pediatric cancer patients. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 20, 36-41. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2015.07.008.
Google Scholar | Medline
Xin, Z., Zhang, L., Liu, D. (2010). Birth cohort changes of Chinese adolescents’ anxiety: A cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1992-2005. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 208-212. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.010
Google Scholar | ISI
Zeidner, M. (1998). Test anxiety: The state of the art. New York, NY: Plenum.
Google Scholar
Zung, W. W. (1971). A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics, 12, 371-379. doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(71)71479-0
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
View access options

My Account

Welcome
You do not have access to this content.



Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

Click the button below for the full-text content

请点击以下获取该全文

Institutional Access

does not have access to this content.

Purchase Content

24 hours online access to download content

Your Access Options


Purchase

JPA-article-ppv for $36.00

Article available in:

Related Articles

Citing articles: 0