Abstract
This interpretive study examines how childhood history and the personal experience of being mothered impact the meaning attributed to motherhood among young mothers aging out of the child welfare system. Through the use of an interpretive approach, findings are derived from interviews with 15 females who reported an experience of pregnancy or parenting at the time of the interview. In the midst of the strain and challenge of motherhood, these young women report that motherhood has the potential to provide opportunities relevant to their own identity as well as to healing from their pasts. Findings aim to inform ways of understanding and responding to the unique and dual experience of mothering and aging out of the child welfare system.
Keywords emerging adulthood, foster care, adolescent motherhood
|
Apfel, N. , & Seitz, V. ( 1991). Four models of adolescent mother-grandmother relationships in Black inner-city families. Family Relations, 40, 421-429. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Apfel, N. , & Seitz, V. ( 1996). African American adolescent mothers, their families, and their daughters: A longitudinal perspective over twelve years. In B. J. Leadbeater & N. Way (Eds.) Urban girls: resisting stereotypes, creating identities (pp. 149-170). New York: New York University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Arai, L. ( 2003). Low expectations, sexual attitudes and knowledge: Explaining teenage pregnancy and fertility in English communities: Insights from qualitative research. Sociological Review, 51, 199-217. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Arnett, J.J. ( 1998). Learning to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context. Human Development , 41, 295-315. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Arnett, J.J. ( 2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from adolescence through midlife. Journal of Adult Development , 8, 133-143. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Arnett, J.J. ( 2003). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood among emerging adults in American ethnic groups. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 100(Summer), 63-76. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Arnett, J.J. ( 2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bamba, S. , & Haight, W.L. ( 2007). Helping maltreated children to find their Ibasho: Japanese perspectives on supporting the well-being of children in state care. Children and Youth Services Review, 29, 405-427. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Barth, R.P. , Schinke, S.P. , & Maxwell, J.S. ( 1983). Psychological correlates of teenage motherhood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 471-487. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Becker, M.G. , & Barth, R.P. ( 2000). Power through choices: The development of a sexuality education curriculum for youths in out-of-home care. Child Welfare, 79, 269-282. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI | |
|
Berzin, S. ( 2008). Difficulties in the transition to adulthood: Using propensity scoring to understand what makes foster youth vulnerable. Social Service Review, 82, 171-196. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bilaver, L.M. , & Courtney, M.E. (2006). Science says: Foster care youth [Electronic version]. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved October 10, 2006, from http://www.teenpregnancy.org/works/pdf/Science_Says_27_FosterCare.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Boss, P. ( 1999). Ambiguous loss. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Campa, M.I. , & Eckenrode, J. ( 2006). Pathways to intergenerational adolescent childbearing in a high-risk sample. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 108-753. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Carpenter, S.C. , Clyman, R.B. , Davidson, A.J. , & Steiner, J.F. ( 2001). The association of foster care or kinship care with adolescent sexual behavior and first pregnancy. Pediatrics, 108, 753. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Collins, B. , Preston-Crayford, C. , & Byrne-Hay, J. ( 2004). If I didn’t have my baby, I don’t know where I’d be: Teenagers as others. Paper presented at the the Social Policy, Research and Evaluation Conference, Wellington, New Zealand. Google Scholar | |
|
Cook, R. ( 1994). Are we helping foster care youth prepare for their future ? Children and Youth Services Review, 16, 213-229. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Courtney, M. , & Dworksy, A. ( 2006). Early outcomes for young adults transitioning from out-of-home care in the USA. Child & Family Social Work, 11, 209-219. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Courtney, M. , Dworksy, A. , Cusack, G. , Keller, T. , Havlicek, J. , & Bost, N. ( 2005). Midwest evaluation of the adult functioning of former foster youth: Outcomes at age 19. Chicago: Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago. Google Scholar | |
|
Courtney, M.E. , Dworsky, A. , Cusick, G.R. , Keller, T. , Havlicek, J. , Perez, A. , et al. (2007). Midwest evaluation of the adult functioning of former foster youth: Outcomes at age 21. Chicago: Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago. Google Scholar | |
|
Crabtree, B. , & Miller, W. ( 1999). Doing qualitative research (2nd ed.). London: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Edin, K. , & Kefalas, M. ( 2005). Promises I can keep: Why poor women put motherhood before marriage. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Fowler, J. ( 2006). Unpublished master’s thesis, Between Agency and Acceptance: The impact of significant relationships on the development of self for female foster youth. University of Chicago. Google Scholar | |
|
Frey, L. , Cushing, G. , Freundlich, M. , & Brenner, E. ( 2008). Achieving permanency for youth in foster care: Assessing and strengthening emotional security. Child & Family Social Work, 13, 218-226. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Georgiades, S. ( 2005). A multi-outcome evaluation of an independent living program . Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 22, 417-430. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Geronimus, A. ( 1997). Teenage childbearing and personal responsibility: An alternative view. Political Science Quarterly, 112, 405-430. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hunt, G. , Joe-Laidler, K. , & MacKenzie, K. ( 2005). Moving into motherhood: Gang girls and controlled risk . Youth & Society, 36, 333-373. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Jewell, D. , Tacchi, J. , & Donovan, J. ( 2000). Teenage pregnancy: Whose problem is it? Family Practice, 17, 522-528. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Knight, A. , Chase, E. , & Aggleton, P. ( 2006). Someone of your own to love: Experiences of being looked after as influences on teenage pregnancy. Children & Society , 20, 391-403. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kools, S.M. ( 1997). Adolescent identity development in foster care. Family Relations, 46, 263-271. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kools, S.M. ( 1999). Self-protection in adolescents in foster care. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 12, 139-152. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Kools, S. , & Kennedy, C. ( 2003). Foster care health and development: Implications for primary care. Pediatric Nursing, 29(1), 39-46. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Leadbeater, B.J. ( 2007). Urban girls: Building strengths, creating momentum. In B. J. Leadbeater & N. Way (Eds.) Urban girls revisited: Building strengths (pp. 1-52). New York: New York University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Lesser, J. , Koniak-Griffin, D. , & Anderson, N.L.R. (1999). Depressed adolescent mothers’ perceptions of their own maternal role. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 20, 131-149. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Liamputtong, P. , & Ezzy, D. ( 2005). Qualitative research methods. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Love, L. , McIntosh, J. , Rosst, M. , & Tertzakian, K. (2005). Fostering hope: Preventing teen pregnancy among youth in foster care. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy . Google Scholar | |
|
Massinga, R. , & Percora, P.J. ( 2004). Providing better opportunities for older children in the welfare system. Future of Children, 14, 151-173. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Meek, R. ( 2007). Parenting education for young men in prison. Child & Family Social Work, 12, 239-247. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Miller, J. ( 2001). One of the guys: Girls, gangs and gender. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Miller, B. , Benson, B. , & Galbraith, K. ( 2001). Family relationships and adolescent pregnancy risk: A research synthesis. Developmental Review, 21, 1-38. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Montgomery, K. ( 2002). Planned adolescent pregnancy: What they wanted. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 16, 27-35. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Montgomery, K. ( 2004). Planned adolescent pregnancy: Themes related to the pregnancy . Journal of Perinatal Education, 13(4), 27-35. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Noria, C. , & Willard, C. ( 2005). Teenage moms become "twenty-something": Paths to self-sufficiency Unpublished doctoral dissertation [Electronic version] . Retrieved from http://etd.nd.edu/ETDdb/theses/available/etd-04152005-115552/unrestricted/WillardNoriaCC042005.pdf/ on October 8, 2009. Google Scholar | |
|
Osofsky, J.D. ( 1995). Perspective on attachment and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 12, 347-362. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Oyserman, D. , & Markus, H. ( 1990). Possible selves in balance: Implications for delinquency . Journal of Social Issues, 46, 141-157. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Oyserman, D. , Bybee, D. , Mowbray, C. , & Hart-Johnson, T. (2005). When mothers have serious mental health problems: Parenting as a proximal mediator. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 443-463. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Padgett, D.K. ( 1998). Qualitative methods in social work research: Challenges and rewards. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Park, J.M. , Solomon, P. , & Mandell, D. ( 2006). Involvement in the child welfare system among mothers with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57, 493-497. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Pears, K. , & Capaldi, D. ( 2001). Intergenerational transmission of abuse: A twogenerational prospective study of an at-risk sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1439-1462. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Pecora, P.J. , Whittaker, J. , Maluccio, T. , & Barth, R.P. ( 2000). Child welfare challenge (2nd ed.). New York: Aldine de Gruyter . Google Scholar | |
|
Samuels, G.M. ( 2008). A reason, as season, or a lifetime: Relational permanence among young adults with foster care backgrounds. Chicago : Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago. Google Scholar | |
|
Samuels, G. , & Pryce, J. ( 2008). "What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger": Survivalist self-reliance as resilience and risk among young adults aging out of foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1198-1210. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schatzman, L. ( 1991). Dimensional analysis: Notes on an alternative approach to the grounding of theory in qualitative research. In D. Maines (Ed.), Social organizations and social process: Essays in honor of Anselm Strauss (pp. 303-314). New York: Aldine DeGruyter. Google Scholar | |
|
Social Exclusion Unit. (1999). Teenage pregnancy. London: The Stationery Office. Google Scholar | |
|
Stein, M. ( 2006). Young people aging out of care: The poverty of theory . Children and Youth Services Review, 28, 422-434. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Unrau, Y.A. , Seita, J.R. , & Putney, K.S. ( 2008). Former foster youth remember multiple placement moves: A journey of loss and hope. Children and Youth Services Review , 30, 1256-1266. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Vig, S. , Chinitz, S. , & Shulman, L. ( 2005). Young children in foster care: Multiple vulnerabilities and complex service needs. Infants & Young Children: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Special Care Practices, 18, 147-60. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Way, N. , & Leadbeater, B.J. (1999). Pathways toward educational achievement among African American and Puerto Rican adolescent mothers: Reexamining the role of social support from families. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 349-364. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |

