Abstract
Political engagement among U.S. emerging adults aged 18 to 24 was examined via quantitative and qualitative data. The data analyzed are from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR). The NSYR consists of three waves of a nationally representative (a) telephone survey (Wave 1 n = 4,161), (b) in-person interviews (Wave 3 n = 230) collected with adolescents and emerging adults, and (c) in the first wave, their parents (n = 3,235). Third-wave interview transcripts are examined for descriptions of political engagement. Findings indicate that emerging adults are generally politically disengaged. Political engagement is disaggregated into six types based on levels of and motivations for political engagement. A number of hypotheses are examined for explanations of political involvement variance. Voluntary association participation, religious practices, political affiliation, and parental political engagement are found to be insufficient explanations. Results indicate that individualized moral beliefs are a significant predictor of political engagement, especially certain types of disengagement.
|
Arnett, J.J. ( 2000a). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Arnett, J.J. ( 2000b). High hopes in a grim world: Emerging adults’ views of their futures and "Generation X." Youth & Society, 31, 267-286. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Arnett, J.J. , & Jensen, L.A. ( 2002). A congregation of one: Individualized religious beliefs among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17, 451-467. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Astin, A.W. , Parrott, S.A. , Korn, W.S. , & Sax, L.J. ( 1997). The American freshman: 30 year trends, 1966-1996. Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute. Google Scholar | |
|
Bellah, R.N. , Marsden, R. , Sullivan, W.M. , Swidler, A. , & Tipton, S.M. ( 1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. New York: Harper & Row. Google Scholar | |
|
Bovasso, G. , Jacobs, J. , & Rettig, S. ( 1991). Changes in moral values over three decades, 1958-1988 . Youth & Society, 22, 468-481. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Campbell, D.E. ( 2004). Acts of faith: Churches and political engagement. Political Behavior, 26, 155-180. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cave, D. ( 2008, November 7) Generation O gets its hopes up. New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/09/fashion/09boomers.html Google Scholar | |
|
Crystal, D.S. , & DeBell, M. (2002). Sources of civic orientation among American youth: Trust, religious valuation, and attributions of responsibility . Political Psychology, 23, 113-132. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Derber, C. ( 1996). The wilding of America: How greed and violence are eroding our nation’s character. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Fishman, R.M. ( 2004). Democracy’s voices: Social ties and the quality of life in Spain. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Gamson, W.A. ( 1992). Talking politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Hanks, M.P. ( 1981). Youth, voluntary associations and political socialization . Social Forces, 60, 211-223. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jensen, L. ( 1995). Habits of the heart revisited: Autonomy, community, and divinity in adults’ moral language. Qualitative Sociology , 18, 71-86. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kelly, D.C. ( 2008). In preparation for adulthood: Exploring civic participation and social trust among young minorities. Youth & Society , 40, 526-540. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lonky, E. , Reihman, J.M. , & Serlin, R.C. ( 1981). Political values and moral judgment in adolescence. Youth & Society, 12, 423-441. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
McFarland, D.A. , & Reuben, J.T. ( 2006). Bowling young: How youth voluntary associations influence adult political participation. American Sociological Review , 71, 401-425. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Metz, E. , McLellan, J. , & Youniss, J. ( 2003). Types of voluntary service and adolescents’ civic development. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18, 188-203. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Muhlberger, P. ( 2000). Moral reasoning effects on political participation. Political Psychology, 21, 667-695. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
National Study of Youth and Religion. (2008 ). Methodological design and procedures for the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) longitudinal telephone survey (Waves 1, 2, & 3). Chapel Hill, NC: National Study of Youth and Religion. Retrieved December 9, 2009, from http://www.youthandreligion.org/research/docs/master_just_methods_11_12_2008.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Putnam, R.D. ( 1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Putnam, R.D. ( 1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital . Journal of Democracy, 6, 65-78. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Putnam, R.D. ( 2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community . New York: Simon & Schuster . Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rahn, W.M. , & Transue, J.E. ( 1998). Social trust and value change: The decline of social capital in American youth, 1976-1995. Political Psychology , 19, 545-565. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rasinski, K.A. , Ingels, S.J. , Rock, D.A. , Pollack, J.M. , & Wu, S. ( 1993). America’s's high school sophomores: A ten year comparison. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Google Scholar | |
|
Skitka, L.J. , & Bauman, C.W. ( 2008). Moral conviction and political engagement. Political Psychology, 29, 29-54. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Skitka, L.J. , & Mullen, E. ( 2002). Understanding judgments of fairness in a real-world political context: A test of the value protection model of justice reasoning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1419-1429. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Smith, C. , & Denton, M.L. ( 2005). Soul searching: The religious and spiritual lives of American teenagers. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Smith, C. (with Snell, P. ). (2009). Souls in transition: The religious and spiritual lives of emerging adults. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Smith, E.S. ( 1999). The effects of investments in the social capital of youth on political and civic behavior in young adulthood: A longitudinal analysis . Political Psychology, 20, 553-580. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Snell, P. ( 2008). The view from pulpits and pews. Passing the plate: Why American Christians don’t give away more money. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Teske, N. ( 1997). Beyond altruism: Identity-construction as moral motive in political explanation. Political Psychology, 18, 71-91. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Tocqueville, A. de. ( 2003). Democracy in America ( I. Kramnick Ed.). New York: Penguin Classics. Google Scholar | |
|
Vaisey, S. ( 2009). Motivation and justification: A dual-process model of culture in action. American Journal of Sociology, 114, 1675-1715. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Verba, S. , Schlozman, K.L. , & Brady, H. ( 1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Youniss, J. , & Yates, M. ( 1999). Youth service and moral-civic identity: A case for everyday morality. Educational Psychology Review, 11, 361-376. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Zaff, J.F. , Moore, K.A. , Papillo, A.R. , & Williams, S. ( 2003). Implications of extracurricular activity participation during adolescence on positive outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18, 599-630. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Zukin, C. , Keeter, S. , Andolina, M. , Jenkins, K. , & Delli Carpini, M.X. (2006). A new engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref |

