Abstract
This article examines why Southeast Asian American adolescents and emerging adults in two urban settings prefer to use “blunts,” or hollowed-out cigars filled with marijuana, over other methods of drug intake. Rationales for preferring blunts were both instrumental and social. Blunts allowed users to more easily share marijuana, the preferred drug among their peers, and protected against potential adverse effects associated with the “high.” Blunts also allowed users to identify with the dominant style of drug use and differentiate themselves from users of stigmatized drugs such as crack cocaine and methamphetamine. This article highlights the importance of drug-intake methods in the formation and performance of drug-using behaviors among adolescents, emerging adults, and members of ethnic minority subgroups.
|
Acevedo-Garcia, D. , Pan, J. , Jun, H. , Osypuk, T.L. , & Emmons, K.M. ( 2005). The effect of immigrant generation on smoking. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 1223-1242. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Amodeo, M. , Robb, N. , Peou, S. , & Tran, H. ( 1997). Alcohol and other drug problems among Southeast Asians: Patterns of use and approaches to assessment and intervention. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 15, 63-77. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Armstrong, G.L. ( 2007). Injection drug users in the United States, 1979-2002: An aging population. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167, 166-173. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Becker, H.S. ( 1953). Becoming a Marihuana User. American Journal of Sociology, 59, 235-242. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Benoit, E. , Randolph, D. , Dunlap, E. , & Johnson, B.D. ( 2003). Code switching and inverse imitation among marijuana-using crack sellers. British Journal of Criminology, 43, 506-525. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bishop, D.I. , Macy-Lewis, J.A. , Schnekloth, C.A. , Puswella, S. , & Struessel, G.L. (1997). Ego identity status and reported alcohol consumption: A study of firstyear college students. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 209-218. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bishop, D.I. , Weisgram, E.S. , Holleque, K.M. , Lund, K.E. , & Wheeler-Anderson, J.R. (2005). Identity development and alcohol consumption: Current and retrospective self-reports by college students. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 523-533. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Blake, S.M. , Ledsky, R. , Goodenow, C. , & O’Donnell, L. (2001). Recency of immigration, substance use, and sexual behavior among Massachusetts adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 794-798. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Burke, P.J. ( 2004). Identities and social structure: The 2003 Cooley-Mead award address. Social Psychology Quarterly, 67, 5-15. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Compton, W.M. , Thomas, Y.F. , Stinson, F.S. , & Grant, B.F. ( 2007). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 566. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Cooper, Z.D. , & Haney, M. ( 2009). Comparison of subjective, pharmacokinetic, and physiological effects of marijuana smoked as joints and blunts. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 103, 107-113. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
D’Avanzo, C.E. ( 1997). Southeast Asians: Asian-Pacific Americans at risk for substance misuse. Substance Use & Misuse, 32, 829-848. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
D’Avanzo, C.E. , Frye, B. , & Froman, R. ( 1994). Culture, stress and substance use in Cambodian refugee women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55, 420-426. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Diamond, S. , Bermudez, R. , & Schensul, J. ( 2006). What’s the rap about ecstasy?: Popular music lyrics and drug trends among American youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21, 269-298. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Fergusson, D.M. , & Boden, J.M. ( 2008). Cannabis use and later life outcomes. Addiction, 103, 969. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Fletcher, A. , Bonell, C. , Sorhaindo, A. , & Rhodes, T. ( 2009). Cannabis use and ‘safe’ identities in an inner-city school risk environment. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20, 244-250. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Furst, R.T. , Johnson, B.D. , Dunlap, E. , & Curtis, R. ( 1999). The stigmatized image of the "crack head": A sociocultural exploration of a barrier to cocaine smoking among a cohort of youth in New York City. Deviant Behavior, 20, 153-181. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gil, A.G. , Tubman, J.G. , & Wagner, E.F. ( 2001). Substance abuse interventions with Latino adolescents: A cultural framework. In E. F. Wagner and H. B. Landron (Eds.), Innovations in adolescent substance abuse interventions (pp. 353-378). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Golub, A. , & Johnson, B.D. ( 2001). Variation in youthful risks of progression from alcohol and tobacco to marijuana and to hard drugs across generations. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 225-232. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Golub, A. , Johnson, B.D. , & Dunlap, E. ( 2005). The growth in marijuana use among American youths during the 1990s and the extent of blunt smoking. Journal of Ethnicity and Substance Abuse, 4, 1-21. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Golub, A. , Johnson, B.D. , Dunlap, E. , & Sifaneck, S.J. (2004). Projecting and monitoring the life course of the marijuana/blunts generation. Journal of Drug Issues, 34, 361-388. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Haines, R.J. , Poland, B.D. , & Johnson, J.L. ( 2009). Becoming a ‘real’ smoker: Cultural capital in young women’s accounts of smoking and other substance use. Sociology of Health & Illness, 31, 66-80. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hjern, A. , & Allebeck, P. ( 2004). Alcohol-related disorders in first-and second-generation immigrants in Sweden: A national cohort study. Addiction, 99, 229-236. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hussey, M.J. , Hallfors, D.D. , Waller, W.M. , Iritani, J.B. , Halpern, T.C. , & Bauer, J.D. ( 2007). Sexual behavior and drug use among Asian and Latino adolescents: Association with immigrant status. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 9, 85-94. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Jensen, S.Q. ( 2006). Rethinking subcultural capital. Young , 14, 257-276. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Jeung, R. ( 2002). In the house: Southeast Asian youth and multiple layers of identity. In L. T. Võ & R. Bonus (Eds.), Contemporary Asian American communities: Intersections and divergences (pp. 60-74). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Johnston, L.D. , O’Malley, P.M. , Bachman, J.G. , & Schulenberg, J.E. (2008). Demographic subgroup trends for various licit and illicit drugs, 1975-2007 (Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 69). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research. Available from http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/ Google Scholar | |
|
Johnston, L.D. , O’Malley, P.M. , Bachman, J.G. , & Schulenberg, J.E. (2009). Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2008 (NIH Publication No. 09-7401). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Google Scholar | |
|
Jones, R.M. , & Hartmann, B.R. (1988). Ego identity: Developmental differences and experimental substance use among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 11, 347-360. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kelly, B.C. ( 2005). Bongs and blunts: Notes from a suburban marijuana subculture . Journal of Ethnicity and Substance Abuse, 4, 81-97. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Kroll, J. , Habenicht, M. , Mackenzie, T. , Yang, M. , Chan, S. , Vang, T. , et al. (1989). Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in Southeast Asian refugees. American Journal of Psychiatry , 146, 1592-1597. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lee, J.P. , & Kirkpatrick, S. (2005). Social meanings of marijuana use for Southeast Asian youth. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 4, 135-152. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Lee, J.P. , Battle, R.S. , Lipton, R. , & Soller, B. ( 2010). "Smoking": Use of cigarettes, cigars and blunts among Southeast Asian Americans. Health Education Research, 25, 83-96. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Measham, F. , Newcombe, R. , & Parker, H.J. ( 1994). The normalization of recreational drug use amongst young people in North-West England. British Journal of Sociology , 45, 287-312. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Mollica, R.F. , Poole, C. , Son, L. , Murray, C.C. , & Tor, S. ( 1997). Effects of war trauma on Cambodian refugee adolescents’ functional health and mental health status. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1098-1106. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Moolchan, E.T. , Zimmerman, D. , Sehnert, S.S. , Zimmerman, D. , Huestis, M.A. , & Epstein, D.H. ( 2005). Recent marijuana blunt smoking impacts carbon monoxide as a measure of adolescent tobacco abstinence. Substance Use & Misuse, 40, 231-240. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Muhr, T. ( 2004). User’s manual for ATLAS.ti 5.0. Berlin, Germany: ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH. Google Scholar | |
|
Nagasawa, R. , Qian, Z. , & Wong, P. ( 2001). Theory of segmented assimilation and the adoption of marijuana use and delinquent behavior by Asian Pacific youth. Sociological Quarterly, 42, 351-372. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nicassio, P.M. ( 1985). The psychosocial adjustment of the Southeast Asian refugee: An overview of empirical findings and theoretical models. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 153-173. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
O’Hare, T. , & Tran, T.V. ( 1998). Substance abuse among Southeast Asians in the U.S.: Implications for practice and research. Social Work in Health Care, 26, 69-80. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Parker, H.J. , Aldridge, J. , & Measham, F. ( 1998). Illegal leisure. The normalization of adolescent recreational drug use. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Patton, G.C. , Coffey, C. , Lynskey, M.T. , Reid, S. , Hemphill, S. , Carlin, J.B. et al. (2007). Trajectories of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use into young adulthood. Addiction, 102, 607-615. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Price, R.K. , Risk, N.K. , Wong, M.M. , & Klingle, R.S. ( 2002). Substance use and abuse in Asian and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs): Preliminary results from three national surveys. Public Health Reports, 117, S39-S50. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Primack, B.A. , Dalton, M.A. , Carroll, M.V. , Agarwal, A.A. , & Fine, M.J. ( 2008). Content analysis of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs in popular music. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 162, 169-175. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Ream, G.L. , Benoit, E. , Johnson, B.D. , & Dunlap, E. ( 2008). Smoking tobacco along with marijuana increases symptoms of cannabis dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95, 199-208. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ream, G.L. , Johnson, B.D. , Sifaneck, S.J. , & Dunlap, E. ( 2006). Distinguishing blunts users from joints users: A comparison of marijuana use subcultures. In S. Cole (Ed.), New research on street drugs (pp. 245-273). New York: Nova Science Publishers. Google Scholar | |
|
Reyes, A. ( 2005). Appropriation of African American slang by Asian American youth. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9, 509-532. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schensul, J.J. , Huebner, C. , Singer, M. , Snow, M. , Feliciano, P. , & Broomhall, L. ( 2000). The high, the money, and the fame: The emergent social context of "new marijuana" use among urban youth. Medical Anthropology, 18, 389-414. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sifaneck, S.J. , Johnson, B.D. , & Dunlap, E. ( 2005). Cigars-for-blunts: Choice of tobacco products by blunt smokers. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 4, 23-42. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Smith, C.H. ( 1997). Method in the madness: Exploring the boundaries of identity in hip-hop performativity. Social Identities, 3, 345-374. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Staiger, A. ( 2005). "Hoes can be hoed out, players can be played out, but pimp is for life"-The pimp phenomenon as strategy of identity formation. Symbolic Interaction, 28, 407-428. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2009 ). Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-36, HHS Publication No. SMA 09-4434). Rockville, MD. Google Scholar | |
|
Tan, W.C. , Lo, C. , Jong, A. , Xing, L. , FitzGerald, M.J. , Vollmer, W.M. , et al. (2009). Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: A population-based study. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 180, 814-820. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Tashkin, D.P. ( 2009). Does smoking marijuana increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Canadian Medical Association Journal, 180, 797-798. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Thornton, S. ( 1996). Club cultures: Music, media and subcultural capital. London: Wesleyan University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Timberlake, D.S. ( 2009). A comparison of drug use and dependence between blunt smokers and other cannabis users. Substance Use & Misuse , 44, 401-415. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Tubman, J.G. , Gil, A.G. , & Wagner, E.F. ( 2004). Co-occurring substance use and delinquent behavior during early adolescence: Emerging relations and implications for intervention strategies . Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 463-488. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wong, F.Y. , Huang, Z.J. , Thompson, E.E. , De Leon, J.M. , Shah, M.S. , Park, R.J. , et al. (2007). Substance use among a sample of foreign-and U.S.-born Southeast Asians in an urban setting. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 6, 45-66. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Wong, M.M. , Klingle, R.S. , & Price, R.K. ( 2004). Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among Asian American and Pacific Islander Adolescents in California and Hawaii. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 127-141. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Yee, B.W. , & Nguyen, D.T. ( 1987). Correlates of drug use and abuse among Indo-chinese refugees: Mental health implications. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 19, 77-83. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Zinberg, N.E. ( 1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Google Scholar |

