Abstract
In this study, we used an exploratory methodology to determine what cultural models African American emerging adults use to understand infidelity/cheating. Cultural models are defined as “cognitive schema[s] that [are] intersubjectively shared by a social group” (D’Andrade, 1987, p. 112). We interviewed 144 participants ages 19-22 from three geographically distal sites. Qualitative analysis was conducted using NUDIST and In Vivo Analysis, a form of Grounded Theory. Among those in a main (dyadic) relationship, 37% of females and 57% of males stated they had been unfaithful to their main partner during the past month. We identify five cultural models defining 1) the nature of infidelity, 2) reasons for infidelity, 3) techniques for managing side (extra-dyadic) partners, 4) means of investigating suspected infidelity, and 5) condom use in main and side relationships. Our findings suggest that stressing condom use in side partner relationships may be a particularly effective means of HIV/STI prevention in this high-risk population.
|
Adimora, A. A., Schoenbach, V. J. (2002). Contextual factors and the black-white disparity in heterosexual HIV transmission. Epidemiology, 13, 707-712. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000024139.60291.0810.1097/01.ede.0000024139.60291.08 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Adimora, A. A., Schoenbach, V. J., Doherty, I. A. (2007). Concurrent sexual partnerships among men in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 2230-2237. doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.09906910.2105/ajph.2006.099069 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Adimora, A. A., Schoenbach, V. J., Floris-Moore, M. A. (2009). Ending the epidemic of heterosexual HIV transmission among African Americans. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37, 468-471. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.02010.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.020 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Andrinopoulos, K., Kerrigan, D., Ellen, A. M. (2006). Understanding sex partner selection from the perspective of inner-city black adolescents. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 38(3), 132-138. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bauman, L. J., Berman, R. (2005). Adolescent relationships and condom use: Trust, love and commitment. AIDS and Behavior, 9, 211-222. doi:10.1007/s10461-005-3902-210.1007/s10461-005-3902-2 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Brady, S. S., Tschann, J. M., Ellen, J. M., Flores, E. (2009). Infidelity, trust, and condom use among Latino youth in dating relationships. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 36, 227-231. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181901cba [doi]10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181901cba [doi] Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Carey, M. P., Senn, T. E., Seward, D. X., Vanable, P. A. (2008). Urban African-American men speak out on sexual partner concurrency: Findings from a qualitative study. AIDS and Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9406-010.1007/s10461-008-9406-0 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Carver, K., Joyner, K., Udry, J. R. (2003). National estimates of adolescent romantic relationships. In Florsheim, P. (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relationships and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications (pp. 291-329). New York, NY: Cambridge University. Google Scholar | |
|
Catania, J. A., Kegeles, S. M., Coates, T. J. (1990). Towards an understanding of risk behavior: An AIDS risk reduction model (ARRM). Health Education Quarterly, 17(1), 53-72. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2010). Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2009. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Google Scholar | |
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2011). HIV Surveillance Report, 2009 (Vol.21, pp.1-79). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/ Google Scholar | |
|
D’Andrade, R. G. (1981). The cultural part of cognition. Cognitive Science, 5, 179-195. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
D’Andrade, R. G. (1984). Cultural meaning systems. In Schweder, R. A., LeVine, R. A. (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 88-119). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
D’Andrade, R. G. (1987). A folk model of the mind. In Holland, D., Quinn, N.(Eds.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 112-148). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
D’Andrade, R. G. (1995). The development of cognitive anthropology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dejong, W., Wolf, R. C., Austin, S. B. (2001). US federally funded television public service announcements (PSAs) to prevent HIV/AIDS: A content analysis. Journal of Health Communication, 6, 249-263. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
DiClemente, R. J., Salazar, L. F., Crosby, R. A. (2007). A review of STD/HIV preventive interventions for adolescents: Sustaining effects using an ecological approach. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 888-906. doi:10.1093/ipepsy/jsm05610.1093/ipepsy/jsm056 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., Rose, E. S., Sales, J. M., Lang, D. L., Caliendo, A. M., Crosby, R. A. (2009). Efficacy of sexually transmitted disease/human immunodeficiency virus sexual risk-reduction intervention for African American adolescent females seeking sexual health services a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163, 1112-1121. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Drumright, L. N., Gorbach, P. M., Holmes, K. K. (2004). Do people really know their sex partners? Concurrency, knowledge of partner behavior, and sexually transmitted infections within partnerships. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 31, 437-442. doi:10.1097/01.olq.0000129949.30114.3710.1097/01.olq.0000129949.30114.37 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Eyre, S. L. (1997). The vernacular term interview: Eliciting social knowledge related to sex among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 9-27. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Eyre, S. L., Auerswald, C., Hoffman, V., Millstein, S. G. (1998). Fidelity management: African American adolescents’ attempts to control the sexual behavior of their partners. Journal of Health Psychology, 3, 393-406. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Eyre, S. L., Hoffman, V., Millstein, S. G. (1998). The gamesmanship of sex: A model based on African American adolescent accounts. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 12, 467-489. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Farmer, M. A., Trapnell, P. D., Meston, C. M. (2009). The relation between sexual behavior and religiosity subtypes: A test of the secularization hypothesis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 852-865. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9407-010.1007/s10508-008-9407-0 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Foulkes, H., Pettigrew, M. M., Livingston, K. A., Niccolai, L. M. (2009). Comparison of sexual partnership characteristics and associations with inconsistent condom use among a sample of adolescents and adult women diagnosed with chlamydia trachomatis Journal of Women’s Health, 18, 393-399. doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.084010.1089/jwh.2008.0840 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Hall, H. I., Geduld, J., Boulos, D., Rhodes, P., An, Q., Mastro, T. D., Archibald, C. P. (2009). Epidemiology of HIV in the United States and Canada: Current status and ongoing challenges. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 51, S13-S20. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation . (2009). Views and experiences with HIV testing among African Americans in the U.S. Menlo Park, CA: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Holt, C. L., McClure, S. M. (2006). Perceptions of the religion-health connection among African American church members. Qualitative Health Research, 16, 268-281. doi:10.1177/104973230527563410.1177/1049732305275634 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Horner, J. R., Romer, D., Vanable, P. A., Salazar, L. F., Carey, M. P., Juzang, I., Farber, N. (2008). Using culture-centered qualitative formative research to design broadcast messages for HIV prevention for African American adolescents. Journal of Health Communication, 13, 309-325. doi:10.1080/1081073080206321510.1080/10810730802063215 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Houston, A. M., Fang, J. Y., Husman, C., Peralta, L. (2007). More than just vaginal intercourse: Anal intercourse and condom use patterns in the context of “main” and “casual” sexual relationships among urban minority adolescent females. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 20, 299-304. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2007.01.00610.1016/j.jpag.2007.01.006 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Jones, R., Oliver, M. (2007). Young urban women’s patterns of unprotected sex with men engaging in HIV risk behaviors. AIDS and Behavior, 11, 812-821. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9194-310.1007/s10461-006-9194-3 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
McCree, D. H., Wingood, G. M., DiClemente, R., Davies, S., Harrington, K. F. (2003). Religiosity and risky sexual behavior in African-American adolescent females. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33(1), 2-8. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Milbrath, C., Ohlson, B., Eyre, S. L. (2009). Analyzing cultural models in adolescent accounts of romantic relationships. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 313-351. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00598.x10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00598.x Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Nelson, S. J., Manhart, L. E., Gorbach, P. M., Martin, D. H., Stoner, B. P., Aral, S. O., Holmes, K. K. (2007). Measuring sex partner concurrency: It’s what’s missing that counts. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 34, 801-807. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318063c73410.1097/OLQ.0b013e318063c734 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Noar, S. M. (2006). A 10-year retrospective of research in health mass media campaigns: Where do we go from here? Journal of Health Communication, 11(1), 21-42. doi:10.1080/1081073050046105910.1080/10810730500461059 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
O’Sullivan, L. F., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. (2003). African American and Latina inner-city girls’ reports of romantic and sexual development. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 221-238. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Office of Minority Health . (2011). Campaigns and initiatives. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=1&lvlID=9 Google Scholar | |
|
Prather, C., Fuller, T. R., King, W., Brown, M., Moering, M., Little, S., Phillips, K. (2006). Diffusing an HIV prevention intervention for African American women: Integrating afrocentric components into the SISTA diffusion strategy. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18, 149-160. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Richards, L., Richards, T. (1997). NUD*IST 4. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Qualitative Solutions & Research. Google Scholar | |
|
Romer, D., Sznitman, S., DiClemente, R., Salazar, L. F., Vanable, P. A., Carey, M. P., Juzang, I. (2009). Mass media as an HIV-prevention strategy: Using culturally sensitive messages to reduce HIV-associated sexual behavior of at-risk African American youth. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 2150-2159. doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.15503610.2105/ajph.2008.155036 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Senn, T. E., Carey, M. P., Vanable, P. A., Coury-Doniger, P., Urban, M. (2009). Sexual partner concurrency among STI clinic patients with a steady partner: Correlates and associations with condom use. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 85, 343-347. doi:10.1136/sti.2009.03575810.1136/sti.2009.035758 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Sobo, E. J. (1993). Inner-city women and AIDS: The psycho-social benefits of unsafe sex. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 17, 455-485. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Steinman, K. J., Zimmerman, M. A. (2004). Religious activity and risk behavior among African American adolescents: Concurrent and developmental effects. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 151-161. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Strauss, A. L., Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
U.S. Census Bureau . (2007). The American community-Blacks: 2004 (American Community Survey Reports ACS-04). Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-04.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Weller, S. C., Romney, A. K. (1988). Systematic data collection. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
White, R. T. (1999). Putting Risk in Perspective: Black teenagers lives in the era of AIDS. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Google Scholar | |
|
Wiederman, M. W. (1997). Extramarital sex: Prevalence and correlates in a national survey. Journal of Sex Research, 34, 167-174. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wyatt, G. E. (2009). Enhancing cultural and contextual intervention strategies to reduce HIV/AIDS among African Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 1941-1945. doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.15218110.2105/ajph.2008.152181 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Yamazaki, M., Strobino, D., Ellen, J. (2010). Concordance in perceived partner types and unprotected sex among couples of adolescents and young adults: Analysis of reciprocally nominated heterosexual dyads. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 86(2), 141-147. doi:10.1136/sti.2009.03775410.1136/sti.2009.037754 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |

