![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Twenty-eight early adolescent boys and girls suspended from school for bullying provided accounts of the importance of reputation in their daily lives, specifically how they initiated, promoted, and then maintained their reputation through bullying. Overall, bullying was a deliberate choice perpetrated to attain a nonconforming reputation and was initially promoted through visibility of physical bullying. These actions became more covert, particularly among girls, during the promotion phase. Sex differences were most marked in the maintenance phase. Although both boys and girls used cyber bullying to deliberately induce a sense of apprehension and fear, boys also deliberately damaged their victim’s houses and gardens outside of school hours to induce a greater sense of fear and hence maintain their nonconforming reputation.
Keywords aggression, delinquency/crime, education/school, peers/friends
References
Section:
|
Agnew, R. (1991). The interactive effects of peer variables on delinquency. Criminology, 29, 47-72. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Alikasifoglu, M., Erginoz, E., Ercan, O., Uysal, O., Albayrak-Kaymak, D. (2007). Bullying behaviours and psychosocial health: Results from a cross-sectional survey among high school students in Istanbul, Turkey. European Journal of Pediatrics, 166, 1253-1260. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Astor, R. A., Meyer, H. A., Pitner, R. O. (2001). Elementary and middle school student’s perceptions of violence prone school sub contexts. Elementary School Journal, 101, 511-528. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Atlas, R. S., Pepler, D. J. (1998). Observations of bullying in the classroom. American Journal of Educational Research, 92, 86-99. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Australian Bureau of Statistics . (2003). Census of population and housing: Socioeconomic indexes for areas (SEIFA), Australia, 2001 (ABS Cat. No. 2033.0.30.001). Canberra, Australia: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Barker, N. C. (2002). Foundations in qualitative methods. In Barker, C., Pistrang, N., Elliott, R. (Eds.), Research methods in clinical psychology: An introduction for students and practitioners (pp. 5-72). Chichester, UK: John Wiley. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Buelga, S., Musitu, G., Murgui, S., Pons, J. (2008). Reputation, loneliness, satisfaction with life and aggressive behavior in adolescence. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11, 192-200. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Burns, S., Maycock, B., Cross, D., Brown, G. (2008). The power of peers: Why some students bully others to conform. Qualitative Health Research, 18, 1704-1716. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15(1), 68-76. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Carroll, A., Houghton, S., Durkin, K., Hattie, J. (2009). Adolescent reputations and risk: Developmental Trajectories to Delinquency. New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Carroll, A., Houghton, S., Hattie, J., Durkin, K. (1999). Adolescent reputation enhancement: Differentiating delinquent, nondelinquent, and at-risk youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 593-606. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Cillessen, A. H. N., Mayeux, L. (2004). From censure to reinforcement: Developmental changes in the association between aggression and social status. Child Development, 75, 147-163. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Craig, W. M., Pepler, D. (1997). Observations of bullying and victimization in the school yard. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 13, 41-59. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Craig, W. M., Pepler, D., Atlas, R. (2000). Observations of bullying in the playground and in the classroom. School Psychology International, 21(1), 22-36. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Dodge, K. A. (1991). Emotion and social information processing. In Garber, J., Dodge, K. A. (Eds.), The development of emotional regulation and dysregulation (pp. 159-188). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Emler, N. (1984). Differential involvement in delinquency: Toward an interpretation in terms of reputation management. In Maher, B. A., Maher, W. B. (Eds.), Progress in experimental personality research (pp. 173-237). New York, NY: Academic Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Emler, N. (1990). A social psychology of reputation. In Stroebe, W., Hewstone, M. (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 171-193). Chichester, UK: Wiley. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Emler, N., Reicher, S. (1995). Adolescence and delinquency. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Google Scholar | |
|
Emler, N., Reicher, S. (2005). Delinquency: Cause or consequence of social exclusion? In Abrams, D., Marques, J., Hogg, M. (Eds.), The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Estell, D. B., Farmer, T. W., Cairns, B. D. (2007). Bullies and victims in rural African American youth: Behavioral characteristics and social network placement. Aggressive Behavior, 33(2), 145-159. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Farrington, D. (1993). Understanding and preventing bullying. Crime and Justice, 17, 381-458. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gamliel, T., Hoover, J. H., Daughtry, D. W., Imbra, C. M. (2003). A qualitative investigation of bullying: The perspectives of fifth, sixth, and seventh graders in a USA parochial school. School Psychology International, 24, 405-420. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gini, G. (2006). Bullying as a social process: The role of group membership in students’ perception of inter-group aggression at school. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 51-65. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gold, M., Petronio, R. J. (1980). Delinquent behavior in adolescence. In Adelson, J. (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 495-535). New York, NY: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Hawkins, D., Pepler, D., Craig, W. (2001). Peer interventions in playground bullying. Social Development, 10, 512-527. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hawley, P. (1999). The ontogenesis of social dominance: A strategy based evolutionary perspective. Developmental Review, 19, 97-132. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hawley, P., Little, T., Card, N. (2008). The myth of the alpha male: A new look at dominance-related beliefs and behaviours among adolescent males and females. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 76-88. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hawley, P., Vaughn, B. (2003). Aggression and adaptive functioning: The bright side to bad behaviour. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 239-242. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hazler, R. J., Hoover, J. H., Oliver, R. (1992). What kids say about bullying. Executive Educator, 14, 20-22. Google Scholar | |
|
Hopkins, N., Emler, N. (1990). Social network participation and problem behavior in adolescence. In Hurrelmann, K., Losel, F. (Eds.), Health hazards in adolescence (pp. 385-407). Oxford, UK: Walter De Gruyter. Google Scholar | |
|
Isernhagen, J., Harris, S. (2002). A comparison of 9th and 10th grade boys’ and girls’ bullying behaviors in two states. Journal of School Violence, 2(2), 67-80. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Juvonen, J., Graham, S., Schuster, M. A. (2003). Bullying among young adolescents: The strong, the weak, and the troubled. Pediatrics, 112, 1231-1237. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpela, M., Rantanen, P., Rimpela, A. (2000). Bullying at school—An indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 661-674. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kowalski, R., Limber, S. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 22-30. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kumpulainen, K., Rasanen, E. (2000). Children involved in bullying at elementary school age: Their psychiatric symptoms and deviance in adolescence—An epidemiological sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 1567-1577. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kyriakides, L., Kaloyirou, C., Lindsay, G. (2006). An analysis of the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire using the Rasch measurement model. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 781-801. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Loeber, R., Coie, J. (2001). Continuities and discontinuities of development, with particular emphasis on emotional and cognitive components of disruptive behaviour. In Hill, J., Maughan, B. (Eds.), Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence (pp. 379-407). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Menesini, E., Codecasa, E., Benelli, B., Cowie, H. (2003). Enhancing children’s responsibility to take action against bullying: Evaluation of a befriending intervention in Italian middle schools. Aggressive Behavior, 29(1), 1-14. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Murray-Harvey, R., Slee, P. (2010). School and home relationships and their impact on school bullying. School Psychology International, 31, 271-295. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Nabuzoka, D., Ronning, J., Handegard, B. (2009). Exposure to bullying, reactions, and psychological adjustment of secondary school students. Educational Psychology, 29, 849-866. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nansel, T., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R., Ruan, W., Simons-Morton, B., Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among U.S. youth: Prevelance and association with psychosocial adjustment. JAMA, 285, 2094-2100. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Nathan, E., Houghton, S., Tan, C., Carroll, A. (2011). Cultivating reputations: The social goal of Western Australian primary school bullies. Australian Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 21(1), 33-48. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Nation, M., Vieno, A., Perkins, D., Santinello, M. (2008). Bullying in school and adolescent sense of empowerment: An analysis of relationships with parents. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 18, 211-232. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Neuman, W. (2006). Analysis of qualitative data. Boston, MA: Pearson. Google Scholar | |
|
Newman, M. L., Holden, G. W., Delville, Y. (2005). Isolation and the stress of being bullied. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 343-357. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
O’Connell, P., Pepler, D. J., Craig, W. M. (1999). Peer involvement in bullying: Insights and challenges for intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 437-452. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Oh, I., Hazler, R. (2009). Contributions of personal and situational factors to bystanders’ reactions to school bullying. School Psychology International, 30, 291-310. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Olweus, D. (2001). Peer harassment: A critical analysis and some important issues. In Juvonen, J., Graham, S. (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 3-20). New York, NY: Guildford. Google Scholar | |
|
Owens, D., Shute, R., Slee, P. (2000). “It hurts a hell of a lot . . .” The effects of indirect aggression on teenage girls. School Psychology International, 21, 359-376. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Pellegrini, A., Long, J. (2004). Part of the solution and part of the problem: The role of peers in bullying, dominance and victimization during the transition from primary school through secondary school. In Espelage, D., Swearer, S. (Eds.), Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention (pp. 107-117). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Pepler, D. (2006). Bullying interventions: A binocular perspective. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15(1), 16-20. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Pepler, D., Jiang, D., Craig, W., Connolly, J. (2008). Developmental trajectories of bullying and associated factors. Child Development, 79, 325-338. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Pronk, R. E., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2010). It’s “mean,” but what does it mean to adolescents? Relational aggression described by victims, aggressors, and their peers. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25, 175-204. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Reicher, S., Emler, N. (1986). Managing reputations in adolescence: The pursuit of delinquent and non-delinquent identities. In Beloff, H. (Ed.), Getting into life (pp. 13-42). London, UK: Methuen. Google Scholar | |
|
Rigby, K. (2005). Why do some children bully at school? The contributions of negative attitudes towards victims and the perceived expectations of friends, parents, and teachers. School Psychology International, 26(2), 147-161. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Rigby, K. (2008). Children and bullying: How parents and educators can reduce bullying at school. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Google Scholar | |
|
Rodriguez, A. (2004). Social reasoning, negative emotionality, and emotion understanding in rejected aggressive children (Doctoral dissertation). Texas Tech University, Lubbock. Google Scholar | |
|
Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1-15. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Salmivalli, C., Voeten, M. (2004). Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviour in bullying situations International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 246-258. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Saufler, C., Gagne, C. (2000). Maine project against bullying: Final Report. Augusta, GA: Maine State Department of Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Scheithauer, H., Hayer, T., Petermann, F., Jugert, G. (2006). Physical, verbal, and relational forms of bullying among German students: age trends, gender differences, and correlates. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 261-275. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Scholte, R., Sentse, M., Granic, I. (2010). Do actions speak louder than words? Classroom attitudes and behavior in relation to bullying in early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39, 789-799. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Shariff, S. (2008). Cyber-bullying. London, UK: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376-385. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Solberg, M., Olweus, D., Endresen, I. (2007). Bullies and victims at school: Are they the same pupils? British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 441-464. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Stauffacher, K., DeHart, G. (2006), Crossing social contexts: Relational aggression between siblings and friends during early and middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 228-240. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Swearer, S., Espelage, D. L., Vaillancourt, T., & Hymel, S . (2010). What can be done about school bullying? Linking research to educational practice. Educational Researcher, 39, 38-47. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R. (1984). Introduction to qualitative research methods: The search for meaning. New York, NY: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Tisak, M. S., Tisak, J. (1996). Expectations and judgements regarding bystanders and victim’s responses to peer aggression among early adolescents’. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 383-392. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Trach, J., Hymel, S., Waterhouse, T., Neale, K. (2010). Bystander responses to school bullying: A cross-sectional investigation of grade and sex differences. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25, 114-130. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Vaillancourt, T., Hymel, S., & McDougall, P . (2003). Bullying is power: Implications for school-based intervention strategies. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 19, 157-176. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Von Marees, N., Petermann, F. (2010). Bullying in German primary schools: Gender differences, age trends and influence of parents’ migration and educational backgrounds. School Psychology International, 31, 178-198. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wilson, C., Powell, M. (2001). A guide to interviewing children: Essential skills for counsellors, police lawyers, and social workers. Oxford, UK: Taylor and Francis. Google Scholar | |
|
Woods, R. (2009). The use of aggression in primary school boys’ decisions about inclusion in and exclusion from playground football games. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 223-238. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Woods, S., White, E. (2005). The association between bullying behavior, arousal levels, and behavior problems. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 381-395. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Woods, S., Wolke, D. (2004). Direct and relational bullying among primary school children and academic achievement. Journal of School Psychology, 42(2), 135-155. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
