Abstract
Internet use provides a vital opportunity for sexual-minority youth to learn about sexual desires and pursue partnerships otherwise publically stigmatized. Researchers, however, have portrayed the Internet as an inherently risky venue for HIV or sexually transmitted infection (STI) transmission among young gay men (YGM). We therefore investigated how YGM use the Internet during adolescence and emerging adulthood. In the course of 34 in-depth, semistructured interviews with a sample of self-identified YGM, 18 to 24 years of age, we inquired about initial experiences of online dating. We found that YGM benefit online through exploration of their sexual identities, while simultaneously encountering and negotiating sources of risk. In examining YGM’s perceptions of risk, we hope to reach a greater understanding of the opportunities for HIV prevention and health promotion among YGM.
|
Bauermeister, J. A., Carballo-Diéguez, A., Ventuneac, A., Dolezal, C. (2009). Assessing motivation to engage in intentional condomless anal intercourse in HIV-risk contexts (“bareback sex”) among men who have sex with men. AIDS Education & Prevention, 21(2), 156-168. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bauermeister, J. A., Giguere, R., Carballo-Diéguez, A., Ventuneac, A., Eisenberg, A. (2010). Perceived risks and protective strategies employed by young men who have sex with men when seeking online sexual partners. Journal of Health Communication, 15(6), 679-690. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bauermeister, J. A., Leslie-Santana, M., Johns, M. M., Pingel, E., Eisenberg, A. (2011). Mr. right and Mr. right now: Romantic and casual partner-seeking online among young men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 15(2), 261-272. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Blum, R. W. (1998). Healthy youth development as a model for youth health promotion. Journal of Adolescent Health, 22, 368-375. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bolding, G., Davis, M., Hart, G., Sherr, L., Elford, J. (2005). Gay men who look for sex on the Internet: Is there more HIV/STI risk with online partners? AIDS, 19, 961-968. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Boxer, A. M., Cook, J. A., Herdt, G. (1999). Experiences of coming out among gay and lesbian youth: Adolescents alone? In Blustein, J., Levine, C., Dubler, N. N. (Eds.), The adolescent alone: Decision making in health care in the United States (pp. 121-138). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3 (2), 77-101. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Centers for Disease Control . (2009). HIV/AIDS and young men who have sex with men. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Google Scholar | |
|
Chiou, W. (2007). Adolescents’ reply intent for sexual disclosure in cyberspace: Gender differences and effects of anonymity and topic intimacy. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 725-728. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Döring, N. M. (2009). The Internet’s impact on sexuality: A critical review of 15 years of research. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(5), 1089-1101. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Garofalo, R., Herrick, A., Mustanski, B. S., Donenberg, G. R. (2007). Tip of the iceberg: Young men who have sex with men, the Internet, and HIV risk. American Journal of Public Health, 97(6), 1113-1117. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Green, A. (2007). Queer theory and sociology: Locating the subject and the self in sexuality studies. Sociological Theory, 25(1), 26-45. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hammack, P. L., Thompson, E. M., Pilecki, A. (2009). Configurations of identity among sexual minority youth: Context, desire, and narrative. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 867-883. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hillier, L., Harrison, L. (2007). Building realities less limited than their own: Young people practicing same-sex attraction on the Internet. Sexualities, 10(1), 82-100. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Horvath, K., Rosser, B. R., Remafedi, G. (2008). Sexual risk taking among young internet using men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 98(6), 1059-1067. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Jenness, S. M., Neaigus, A., Hagan, H., Wendel, T., Gelpi-Acosta, C., Murrill, C. S. (2010). Reconsidering the internet as an HIV/STD risk for men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 14(6), 1353-1361. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kim, A. A., Kent, C., McFarland, W., Klausner, J. D. (2001). Cruising on the Internet highway. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 28(1), 89-93. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lupton, D. (1999). Risk. London, UK: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
McFarlane, M., Bull, S. S., Rietmeijer, C. A. (2000). The Internet as a newly emerging risk environment for sexually transmitted diseases. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(4), 443-446. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mustanski, B., Lyons, T., Garcia, S. C. (2011). Internet use and sexual health of young men who have sex with men: A mixed-methods study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(2), 289-300. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ogilvie, G. S., Taylor, D. L., Trussler, T., Marchand, R., Gilbert, M., Moniruzzaman, A., Rekart, M. L. (2008). Seeking sexual partners on the Internet: A marker for risky sexual behavior in men who have sex with men. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 185-188. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ross, M. W. (2005). Typing, doing, and being: Sexuality and the Internet. Journal of Sex Research, 42(4), 342-352. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Langabeer, K. (2001). Developmental trajectories of gay, lesbian and bisexual youths. In D’Augelli, A., Patterson, C. (Eds.), Lesbian, gay and bisexual identities and youth: Psychological perspectives (pp. 97-128). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Saewyc, E. (2011). Research on adolescent sexual orientation: Development, health disparities, stigma, and resilience. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 256-272. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Simon, W., Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15(2), 97-119. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Tulloch, J., Lupton, D. (2003). Risk and everyday life. London, UK: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Valkenburg, P. M. (2005). Adolescents’ identity experiments on the Internet. New Media & Society, 7(3), 383-402. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Winchester, W. W., Abel, T., Bauermeister, J. A. (2012). The use of partner-seeking computer mediated applications by young men that have sex with men (YMSM): Uncovering human-computer interaction (HCI) design opportunities in HIV prevention. Health Systems, 1, 26-35. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wolfeiler, D., Hecht, J., Raymond, H. F., Kennedy, T., MacFarland, W. (2011). How can we improve HIV and STD prevention online for MSM? Assessing the preferences of website owners, website users, and HIV/STD directors. San Francisco, CA: STOP AIDS Project. Google Scholar |
Author Biographies
Emily S. Pingel is the managing director of the Sexuality and Health Research Laboratory at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. She specializes in qualitative research, with her most recent endeavors exploring LGBT youth development and identity. She holds a BA in anthropology and French from Tufts University and a master’s degree in public health from the University of Michigan.
Jose A. Bauermeister is assistant professor in the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education in the University of Michigan School of Public Health. Originally from San Juan, Puerto Rico, he completed his MPH and PhD in public health from the University of Michigan. His primary research interests focus on sexuality and health and interpersonal prevention and health promotion strategies for high-risk adolescents and young adults.
Michelle M. Johns is a second-year PhD student in the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education at the University of Michigan. A native of the deserts of Arizona, she holds a BA in psychology and gender studies from Whitman College and a master’s of public health from the University of Michigan School of Public Health. Her research focuses on issues of health and well-being among women and LGBT people.
Anna Eisenberg is a research coordinator at the University of Michigan. She received her master’s of public health from the University of Michigan School of Public Health in health behavior and health education in 2010. She has worked at the University of California, San Francisco on international studies exploring female-controlled STI prevention methods. Her research interests include issues related to communication regarding sexuality and STI prevention.
Matthew Leslie-Santana is a graduate of the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre, and Dance with a major in violin performance and a minor in Latin American and Caribbean studies. Additionally, he interned at the YES Institute in Miami, a not-for-profit organization focusing on suicide prevention among LGBT and all youth through community-based education on gender and orientation. He recently completed a master’s in music at the Cleveland Institute of Music.

