![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Little is known about how youth with LGB (lesbian, gay, and bisexual) parents experience various forms of sexual stigma (i.e., homophobia and heterosexism). Previous studies have focused primarily on frequency of teasing and harassment; therefore, much less is known about how indirect and institutional types of sexual stigma play out in the lives of these youth. In-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 emerging adults with lesbian parents to ascertain how they experienced and coped with sexual stigma during middle school and high school. Findings revealed that both enacted (direct and indirect) and structural sexual stigma were salient to participants during their adolescence. The reactions that participants had to sexual stigma varied and were categorized as: fearful, defiant, or detached. Coping strategies, as well as factors that influenced the impact of sexual stigma on participants, were identified. Findings have implications for family professionals, policymakers, and future research.
References
Section:
|
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Biblarz, T. J., Savci, E. (2010), Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 480-497. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bos, H. M. W., Van Balen, F. (2008). Children in planned lesbian families: Stigmatisation, psychological adjustment, and protective factors. Culture, Health, & Sexuality, 10, 221-236. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N. K., Peyser, H., Van Balen, F. (2008). The USA National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study (NLLFS): Homophobia, psychological adjustment, and protective factors. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 12, 455-471. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Bozett, F. (1987). Children of gay fathers. In Bozett, F. W. (Ed.), Gay and lesbian parents (pp. 39-57). New York, NY: Praeger. Google Scholar | |
|
Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Collins, W. A., Laursen, B. (2004). Changing relationships, changing youth: Interpersonal contexts of adolescent development. Journal of Early Adolescence, 24, 55-62. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gartrell, N., Deck, A., Rodas, C., Peyser, H., Banks, A. (2005). The National Lesbian Family Study: 4. Interviews with the 10-year-old children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 518-524. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Goldberg, A. E. (2007a). (How) does it make a difference? Perspectives of adults with lesbian, gay, and bisexual parents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 550-562. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Goldberg, A. E. (2007b). Talking about family: Disclosure practices of adults raised by lesbian, gay, and bisexual parents. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 100-131. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Goldberg, A. E., Kuvalanka, K. A. (2012). Marriage (in) equality: The experiences and perspectives of young adults with LGB parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74, 34-52. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Goldberg, A. E., Smith, J. Z. (2011). Stigma, social context, and mental health: Lesbian and gay couples across the transition to adoptive parenthood. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 139-150. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 32-43. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jeltova, I., Fish, M. C. (2005). Creating school environments responsive to gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender families: Traditional and systemic approaches for consultation. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 16, 17-33. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Joos, K. E., Broad, K. L. (2007). Coming out of the family closet: Stories of adult women with LGBTQ parents. Qualitative Sociology, 30, 275-295. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kitzinger, C. (1996). Speaking of oppression: Psychology, politics, and the language of power. In Rothblum, E. D., Bond, L. A. (Eds.), Preventing heterosexism and homophobia (pp. 3-19). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., Skinner, K. (2002). Children’s coping strategies: Moderators of the effects of peer victimization? Developmental Psychology, 38, 267-278. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kosciw, J. G., Diaz, E. M. (2008). Involved, invisible, ignored: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender parents and their children in our nation’s K-12 schools. New York, NY: Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network. Google Scholar | |
|
Kuvalanka, K. A. (2012). The kids may be all right, but some might still end up in your office: Working with children of LGBTQ parents. In Bigner, J. J., Wetchler, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of LGBT-affirmative couple and family therapy (pp. 167-182). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Kuvalanka, K. A., Goldberg, A. E. (2009). “Second Generation” voices: Queer youth with lesbian/bisexual mothers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 904-919. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Leddy, A., Gartrell, N., Bos, H. (2012). Growing up in a lesbian family: The life experiences of the adult daughters and sons of lesbian mothers. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 8, 243-257. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lindsay, J., Perlesz, A., Brown, R., McNair, R., de Vaus, D., Pitts, M. (2006). Stigma or respect: Lesbian-parented families negotiating school settings. Sociology, 40, 1059-1077. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Litovich, M. L., Langhout, R. D. (2004). Framing heterosexism in lesbian families: A preliminary examination of resilient coping. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 14, 411-435. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Marshall, C. M., Rossman, G. B. (1999). Designing qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Oswald, R. F., Blume, L. B., Marks, S. (2005). Decentering heteronormativity: A model for family studies. In Bengtson, V. L., Acock, A. C., Allen, K. R., Dilworth-Anderson, P., Klein, D. M. (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theory & research (pp. 143-154). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Richman, K. D. (2009). Courting change: Queer parents, judges, and the transformation of American family law. New York, NY: New York University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Rivers, I., Poteat, V. P., Noret, N. (2008). Victimization, social support, and psychosocial functioning among children of same-sex and opposite-sex couples in the United Kingdom. Developmental Psychology, 44, 127-134. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Tasker, F. L., Golombok, S. (1995). Adults raised as children in lesbian families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 203-215. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Tasker, F. L., Golombok, S. (1997). Growing up in a lesbian family: Effects on child development. London, UK: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N., Bos, H. M. W., van Rooij, F. B., Hermanns, J. M. A. (2012). Stigmatization associated with growing up in a lesbian-parented family: What do adolescents experience and how do they deal with it? Children and Youth Services Review,34, 999-1006. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.048 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Welsh, M. G. (2011). Growing up in a same-sex parented family: The voice of adolescent experience. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 7, 49-71. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wright, J. M. (1998). Lesbian stepfamilies: An ethnography of love. Binghamton, NY: Haworth. Google Scholar |
