Abstract
In today’s Western societies, the transition to adulthood is prolonged, creating a separate developmental phase between adolescence and adulthood referred to as emerging adulthood. Following from this general delay in adult commitment-making, a considerable number of emerging adults continues to live in the parental household. The present study was conducted in Belgium and aimed to obtain a greater understanding of the home-leaving experience by qualitatively exploring how emerging adults who live with their parents or who have taken steps toward independent living experience their residential status. Twenty Belgian emerging adults, aged 24 to 25, were questioned during an interview. Responses were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Emerging adults’ descriptions suggest that the home-leaving process is a complex period in life characterized by feelings of ambivalence, whereby young people are simultaneously trying to combine a strong need for independence with a wish to remain connected to the parents. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
|
Aassve, A., Billari, F. C., Mazzucco, S., Ongaro, F. (2002). Leaving home: A comparative analysis of ECHP data. Journal of European Social Policy, 12, 259-275. Retrieved from http://esp.sagepub.com/content/12/4/259.full.pdf+html Google Scholar | |
|
Allen, J. P., Hauser, S. T., Eickholt, C., Bell, K. L., O’Connor, T. G. (1994). Autonomy and relatedness in family interactions as predictors of expressions of negative adolescent affect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4, 535-552. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1532-7795 Google Scholar | |
|
Aquilino, W. S. (1997). From adolescent to young adult: A prospective study of parent-child relations during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59, 670-686. doi:10.2307/353953 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Aquilino, W. S. (2006). Family relationships and support systems in emerging adulthood. In Arnett, J. J., Tanner, J. L. (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 21-55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Aresti, A., Eatough, V., Brooks-Gordon, B. (2010). Doing time after time. An interpretative phenomenological analysis of reformed ex-prisoners’ experiences of self-change, identity and career opportunities. Psychology Crime & Law, 16, 169-190. doi:10.1080/10683160802516273 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Arnett, J. J. (1998). Learning to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context. Human Development, 41, 295-315. doi:10.1159/000022591 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from adolescence through midlife. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 133-143. doi:10.1023/A:1026450103225 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Arnett, J. J. (2003). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood among Emerging Adults in American ethnic groups. New Directions for Child and Adolescent, 100, 63-76. doi:10.1002/cd.75 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood. The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Baltes, M. M., Silverberg, S. B. (1994). The dynamics between dependency and autonomy: Illustrations across the life span. In Featherman, D. L., Lerner, R. M., Perlmutter, M. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 12) (pp.41-90), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Bloom, M. V. (1987). Leaving home: A family transition. In Bloom-Feshbach, J., Bloom-Feshbach, S., & Associates (Eds.), The psychology of separation and loss: Perspectives on development, life transitions, and clinical practice (pp. 232-266). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Brocki, J. J. M., Wearden, A. J. (2006). A critical evaluation of the use of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) in health psychology. Psychology & Health, 21, 87-108. doi:10.1080/14768320500230185 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cherlin, A. J., Scabini, E., Rossi, G. (1997). Still in the nest. Delayed home leaving in Europe and the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 18, 572-575. doi:10.1177/019251397018006001 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Clemens, A. W., Axelson, L. J. (1985). The not-so-empty-nest: The return of the fledgling adult. Family Relations, 34, 259-264. doi:10.2307/583900 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cooney, T. M., Mortimer, J. T. (1999). Family structure differences in the timing of leaving home: Exploring mediating factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9, 367-393. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0904_1 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
DaVanzo, J., Goldscheider, F. K. (1990). Coming home again: Returns to the parental home of young adults. Population Studies, 44, 241-255. doi:10.1080/0032472031000144576 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
de Jong Gierveld, J., Liefbroer, A. C., Beekink, E. (1991). The effect of parental resources on patterns of leaving home among young adults in the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 7, 55-71. Available from http://esr.oxfordjournals.org/ Google Scholar | |
|
de Jong Gierveld, J., Liefbroer, A. C., Dourleijn, E. (2001). Je bent jong en je wilt wat . . . Patronen van uit huis gaan in 16 Europese landen en in de USA [Patterns of home leaving in 16 European countries and the USA]. Bevolking en Gezin, 30, 77-100. Retrieved from http://brudoc.be/nl/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&;id=654 Google Scholar | |
|
de Visser, R. O., Smith, J. A. (2007). Alcohol consumption and masculine identity among young men. Psychology and Health, 22, 595-614. doi:10.1080/14768320600941772 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Douglass, C. B. (2007). From duty to desire: Emerging adulthood in Europe and its consequences. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 101-108. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00023x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dubas, J. S., Petersen, A. C. (1996). Geographical distance from parents and adjustment during adolescence and young adulthood. New Directions for Child Development, 71, 3-19. doi:10.1002/cd.23219967103 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York, NY: Norton. Google Scholar | |
|
Eurostat . (2010). 51 million young EU adults lived with their parent(s) in 2008. Brussels, Belgium: Eurostat. Google Scholar | |
|
Fisher, S., Hood, B. (1988). Vulnerability factors in the transition to university: Self-reported mobility history and sex differences as factors in psychological disturbance. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 309-320. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Flanagan, C., Schulenberg, J., Fuligni, A. (1993). Residential setting and parent-adolescent relationships during the college years. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 22, 171-189. doi:10.1007/BF01536651 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Galland, O. (1997). Leaving home and family relations in France. Journal of Family Issues, 18, 645-670. doi:10.1177/019251397018006005 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Goldscheider, F., Da Vanzo, J. (1986). Semiautonomy and leaving home during early adulthood. Social Forces, 65, 187-201. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Goldscheider, F., Goldscheider, C. (1999). The changing transition to adulthood. Leaving and returning home. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Goldscheider, F., Goldscheider, F. (1994). Leaving and returning home in 20th century America. Population Bulletin, 48, 2-35. Google Scholar | |
|
Grotevant, H. D., Cooper, C. R. (1986). Individuation in family relationships: A perspective on individual differences in the development of identity and role-taking skill in adolescence. Human Development, 29, 82-100. doi:10.1159/000273025 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Holmbeck, G. N., Wandrei, M. L. (1993). Individual and relational predictors of adjustment in first-year college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 73-78. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.40.1.73 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Iacovou, M. (2002). Regional differences in the transition to adulthood. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 580, 40-69. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kins, E., Beyers, W., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M. (2009). Patterns of home leaving and subjective well-being in emerging adulthood. The role of motivational processes and parental autonomy support. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1416-1429. doi:10.1037/a0015580 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lanz, M., Tagliabue, S. (2007). Do I really need someone in order to become an adult? Romantic relationships during emerging adulthood in Italy. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22, 531-549. doi:10.1177/0743558407306713 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Mahler, M., Pine, F., Bergman, A. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant. New York, NY: Basic Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Mattanah, J. F., Brand, B. L., Hancock, G. R. (2004). Parental attachment, separation-individuation and college student adjustment: A structural equation analysis of mediational effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 213-226. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.213 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McManus, F., Peerbhoy, D., Larkin, M., Clark, D. M. (2010). Learning to change a way of being. An interpretative phenomenological perspective on cognitive therapy for social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 581-589. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.03.018 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Mitchell, B. A., Lovegreen, L. D. (2009). The empty nest syndrome in midlife families. A mulitmethod exploration of parental gender differences and cultural dynamics. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 1651-1670. doi:10.1177/0192513X09339020 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Nave-Herz, R. (1997). Still in the nest. The family and young adults in Germany. Journal of Family Issues, 18, 671-689. doi:10.1177/019251397018006006 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Christensen, K. J., Evans, C. A., Carroll, J. S. (2011). Parenting in emerging adulthood: An examination of parenting clusters and correlates. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 730-743. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9584-8 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Services Research, 34(5, Pt. 2), 1189-1208.Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1089059/pdf/hsresearch00022-0112.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Raval, H., Smith, J. A. (2003). Therapists’ experiences of working with language interpreters. International Journal of Mental Health, 32, 6-31. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.04.011 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rice, K. G., Cole, D. A., Lapsley, D. K. (1990). Separation-individuation, family cohesion and adjustment to college: Measurement validation and test of theoretical model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 195-202. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.37.2.195 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Scabini, E., Cigoli, V. (1997). Young adult families. An evolutionary slowdown or a breakdown in the generational transition? Journal of Family Issues, 18, 608-626. doi:10.1177/019251397018006003 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2010). Predicting the timing of leaving home and related developmental tasks: Parents’ and children’s perspectives. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 495-518. doi:10.1177/0265407510363426 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Settersten, R. A., Ray, B. (2010). What’s going on with young people today? The long and twisting path to adulthood. Future of Children, 20, 19-41. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/future_of_children/v020/20.1.settersten.html Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, J. A. (1996). Beyond the divide between cognition and discourse. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis in health psychology. Psychology & Health, 11, 261-271. doi:10.1080/08870449608400256 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1, 39-54. doi:10.1191/1478088704qp004oa Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory method and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, J. A., Jarman, M., Osborn, M. (1999). Doing interpretative phenomenological analysis. In Murray, M., Chamberlain, K. (Eds.), Qualitative Health Psychology (pp. 218-240). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Smith, J. A., Osborn, M. (2003). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In Smith, J. A. (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (pp. 51-80). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Smollar, S., Youniss, S. (1989). Transformations in adolescents’ perceptions of parents. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12, 71-84. Retrieved from http://jbd.sagepub.com/content/12/1/71.full.pdf+html Google Scholar | |
|
Tanner, J. L. (2006). Recentering during emerging adulthood: A critical turning point in life span human development. In Arnett, J. J., Tanner, J. L. (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 21-55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Van Hekken, S. M. J., De Mey, L., Schulze, H-J. (1997). Youth inside or outside the parental home. The case of the Netherlands. Journal of Family Issues, 18, 690-707. doi:10.1177/019251397018006007 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Vettenburg, N., Elchardus, M., Walgrave, L. (2007). Jongeren in cijfers en letters: Bevindingen uit de JOP-monitor 1 [Young people in Flanders. Facts and figures. Findings of JOP-monitor 1]. Leuven, Belgium: Lannoo Campus. Google Scholar | |
|
White, L. (1994). Coresidence and leaving home: Young adults and their parents. Annual Review of Sociology, 20, 81-102. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.20.1.81 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
White, L., Edwards, J. N. (1990). Emptying the nest and parental well-being. An analysis of national panel data. American Sociological Review, 55, 235-242. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(90)90108-8 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
White, N. R. (2002). “Not under my roof!” Young people’s experience of home. Youth & Society, 34, 214-231. doi:10.1177/004411802237864 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |

