We examine how Black high school students, participants in a Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) program, understand issues of racial discrimination and inequality in their schools. Through semi-structured individual interviews conducted early in the program, eight students (six boys and two girls) recount experiences of racial stereotyping, discrimination from teachers and staff, lack of institutional support for a positive racial climate, and lack of racial diversity in curricular offerings. Further, through evolving critical analysis supported by the YPAR experience, these students describe rationale for and implications of such negative race-based educational experiences. Findings reveal how Black adolescents interpret the racial discrimination and inequality they experience in school and the implications of parental and community socialization on the development of a critical understanding of race-based social inequalities.

Benner, A., Graham, S. (2013). The antecedents and consequences of racial/ethnic discrimination during adolescence: Does the source of discrimination matter? Developmental Psychology, 49, 1602-1613. doi:10.1037/a0030557
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Berg, M., Coman, E., Schensul, J. (2009). Youth action research for prevention: A multi-level intervention designed to increase efficacy and empowerment among urban youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 43, 345-360. doi:10.1007/s10464-009-9231-2
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Booker, K. (2006). School belonging and the African American adolescent: What do we know and where should we go? The High School Journal, 89, 1-7.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Google Scholar | Crossref
Brody, G., Chen, Y., Murry, V., Ge, X., Simons, R., Gibbons, F., . . . Cutrona, C. E. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development, 77, 1170-1189. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Bronfenbrenner, U., Morris, P. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In Damon, W. (Series Ed.) & Lerner, R. M. (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (6th ed., pp. 793-828). New York, NY: John Wiley.
Google Scholar
Byrd, C., Chavous, T. (2012). The congruence between African American students’ racial identity beliefs and their academic climates: Implications for academic motivation and achievement. In Sullivan, J. (Ed.), African American Racial Identity: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Racial and Cultural Dimensions of the Black Experience. (p. 345-369) Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Google Scholar
Chavous, T. (2005). An intergroup contact-theory framework for evaluating racial climate on predominantly White college campuses. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 239-257. doi:10.1007/s10464-005-8623-1
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Chavous, T., Cogburn, C. (2007). Superinvisible women. Black Women, Gender, & Families, 1, 24-51.
Google Scholar
Cogburn, C., Chavous, T., Griffin, T. (2011). School-based racial and gender discrimination among African American adolescents: Exploring gender variation in frequency and implications for adjustment. Race and Social Problems, 3, 25-37. doi:10.1007/s12552-011-9040-8
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Cohen, J. (2013). Creating a positive school climate: A foundation for resilience. In Goldstein, S., Brooks, R. B. (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 411-423). New York, NY: Springer.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Copeland-Linder, N., Lambert, S., Chen, Y., Ialongo, N. (2011). Contextual stress and health risk behaviors among African American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 158-173. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9520-y
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Diemer, M., Li, C. (2011). Critical consciousness development and political participation among marginalized youth. Child Development, 82, 1815-1833. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01650.x
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Fine, M., Burns, A., Payne, Y., Torre, M. (2004). Civic lessons: The color and class of betrayal. Teachers College Record, 106, 2193-2223.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Finlay, A., Wray-Lake, L., Flanagan, C. (2010). Civic engagement during the transition to adulthood: Developmental opportunities and social policies at a critical juncture. In Sherrod, L. R., Torney-Purta, J. (Eds.), Handbook of research on civic engagement in youth (pp. 277-305). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum.
Google Scholar
Ginwright, S. (2010). Black youth rising: Activism and radical healing in urban America. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Google Scholar
Gregory, A., Cornell, D., Fan, X. (2011). The relationship of school structure and support to suspension rates for Black and White high school students. American Educational Research Journal, 48, 904-934. doi:10.3102/0002831211398531
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Gregory, A., Skiba, R., Nogerra, P. (2010). The achievement gap and the discipline gap: Two sides of the same coin? Educational Researcher, 39, 59-68. doi:10.2307/27764554
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Hope, E., Jagers, R. (2014). The role of sociopolitical attitudes and civic education in the civic engagement of Black youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24, 460-470.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Hughes, D., McGill, R., Ford, K., Tubbs, C. (2011). Black youths’ academic success: The contribution of racial socialization from parents, peers, and schools. In Hill, N. E., Mann, T. L., Fitzgerald, H. E. (Eds.), African American children and mental health: Vol. 1. Development and context (pp. 95-124). Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
Google Scholar
Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E., Johnson, D., Stevenson, H., Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic–racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747-770. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Miles, M., Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Google Scholar
Nicolas, G., Helms, J., Jernigan, M., Sass, T., Skrzypek, A., DeSilva, A. (2008). A conceptual framework for understanding the strengths of Black youths. Journal of Black Psychology, 34, 261-280. doi:10.1177/0095798408316794
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Pauker, K., Ambady, N., Apfelbaum, E. (2010). Race salience and essentialist thinking in racial stereotype development. Child Development, 8, 1799-1813. doi:10.111/j.1467-8624.2010.01511.x
Google Scholar | Crossref
Pianta, R. (1999). Enhancing relationships between children and teachers. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Pianta, R., Hamre, B., Stuhlman, M. (2003). Relationships between teachers and children. In Reynolds, W., Miller, G. (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology: Vol. 7. Educational psychology (pp. 199-234). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Rose, T. (1994). Black noise: Rap music and Black culture in contemporary America. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press.
Google Scholar
Rosenbloom, S., Way, N. (2004). Experiences of discrimination among African American, Asian American, and Latino adolescents in an urban high school. Youth & Society, 35, 420-451.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Rowley, S., Burchinal, M., Roberts, J., Zeisel, S. (2008). Racial identity, social context, and race-related social cognition in African Americans during middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1537-1546. doi:10.1037/a0013349
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Rowley, S., Kurtz-Coates, B., Cooper, S. (2010). The schooling of African American children. In Meece, J. L., Eccles, J. S. (Eds.), Handbook of research on schools, schooling, and human development (pp. 275-292). New York, NY: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Saft, E., Pianta, R. (2001). Teachers’ perceptions of their relationships with students: Effects of child age, gender, and ethnicity of teachers and children. School Psychology Quarterly, 16, 124-141. doi:10.1521/scpq.16.2.125.18698
Google Scholar | Crossref
Schensul, J., Berg, M. (2004). Youth participatory action research: A transformative approach to service-learning. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 10, 76-88.
Google Scholar
Seaton, E., Yip, T. (2009). School and neighborhood contexts, perceptions of racial discrimination, and psychological well-being among African American adolescents. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 38, 153-163. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9356-x
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Settles, I., Copeland-Linder, N., Martin, P., Lewis, R. (2006). Racial identity matters: The relationiship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(2), 187-216. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x
Google Scholar | Crossref
Steinberg, L., Morris, A. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 83-110.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Stevenson, H., Reed, J., Bodison, P., Bishop, A. (1997). Racism and stress management: Racial socialization beliefs and the experience of depression and anger in African American youth. Youth & Society, 29, 197-222. doi:10.1177/0044118X97029002003
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Thijs, J., Koomen, H., Leij, A. (2008). Teacher–child relationships and pedagogical practices: Considering the teacher’s perspective. School Psychology Review, 37, 244-260.
Google Scholar
Watts, R., Guessous, O. (2006). Sociopolitical development: The missing link in research and policy on adolescents. In Ginwright, S., Noguera, P., Cammarota, J. (Eds.), Beyond resistance! Youth activism and community change: new democratic possibilities for practice and policy for America’s youth. New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Weinstein, R., Marshall, H., Sharp, L., Botkin, M. (1987). Pygmalion and the student: Age and classroom differences in children’s awareness of teacher expectations. Child Development, 58, 1079-1093. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.ep8590052
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Williams, D., Neighbors, H., Jackson, J. (2003). Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 200-208. doi:10.2105/AJPH.98
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Wong, C., Eccles, J., Sameroff, A. (2003). The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents’ school and socioemotional adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71, 1197-1232. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106012
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
View access options

My Account

Welcome
You do not have access to this content.



Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

Click the button below for the full-text content

请点击以下获取该全文

Institutional Access

does not have access to this content.

Purchase Content

24 hours online access to download content

Your Access Options


Purchase

JAR-article-ppv for $36.00