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First published online April 14, 2024

Understanding vote transfers in two-round elections without resorting to declared data. The contribution of ecological inference, consolidated with factual information from a case study of the 2014 municipal elections in Montpellier

Abstract

Abstract

In electoral sociology, the analysis of vote transfers has traditionally depended on individual data obtained from surveys. Because such data suffer from a significant amount of declaration and memory bias, replacing them with the electoral statistics available down to polling station level may be advantageous. Recent developments in models of ecological inference allow us to use these aggregated data to establish estimates of vote transfers while minimising the risk of ecological error. Nonetheless, the reliability of ecological inference models for estimating vote transfers has thus far received little attention in the form of empirical evaluations. The purpose of the present article is to cast light on this blind spot by analysing a model for predicting electoral volatility in a two-round election, namely the municipal election held in Montpellier in 2014. What makes this approach original is its use of observed information – the proportion of non-voters in both rounds – first to compare this data with the estimates produced by the model and then to integrate it as a modelling parameter to measure its impact on estimated vote allocation. This analysis reveals that the initial model's results are relatively reliable regarding the known parameter, although they slightly overestimate its amplitude and underestimate its variability. The model that integrates information regarding the proportion of consistent non-voters yields estimates close to those obtained using the “raw” model. In terms of interpretative capacity, the value added by integrating this additional information is, therefore, slight. However, integrating the information does make it possible to establish narrower density intervals, reducing the uncertainty associated with the interpretation of the other parameters, particularly proportions associated with candidates who received few votes in the first round.

Résumé

Comprendre les logiques de reports de voix dans un scrutin à deux tours sans recourir à des données déclaratives. L’apport de l’inférence écologique consolidée par l’ajout d’informations factuelles dans le cas des élections municipales 2014 à Montpellier. En sociologie électorale, l’analyse des reports de voix exige traditionnellement l’usage de données individuelles récoltées par sondage. Parce que ces données souffrent d’importants biais déclaratifs ou de mémoire, il peut être intéressant d’avoir recours aux résultats électoraux disponibles à l’échelle des bureaux de vote. Les développements récents des modèles d’inférence écologique permettent d’utiliser ces données agrégées pour estimer les reports de voix tout en minimisant le risque d’erreur écologique. Cependant, la fiabilité en la matière de ces modèles a jusqu’ici fait l’objet de peu d’évaluations empiriques. Cet article entend contribuer à étudier ce point aveugle au travers de l’analyse d’un modèle de reports de voix lors d’un scrutin à deux tours, les élections municipales 2014 à Montpellier. L’originalité de la démarche consiste à mobiliser une information connue, la proportion d’électeurs abstentionnistes aux deux tours, pour dans un premier temps la confronter aux estimations du modèle, puis de l’intégrer comme paramètre de la modélisation afin de mesurer son impact sur les reports estimés. Les résultats de cette analyse montrent que les résultats produits par le modèle initial sont relativement fiables en ce qui concerne le paramètre connu bien qu’ils surestiment légèrement son ampleur et sous-estiment sa variabilité à l’échelle des bureaux de vote. Le modèle intégrant l’information relative à la part d’abstentionnistes constants produit des estimations proches de celles obtenues avec le modèle brut. D’un point de vue interprétatif, la plus-value relative à l’intégration de l’information additionnelle est donc mince. En revanche, cette prise en compte permet de produire des intervalles de densité moins larges, réduisant l’incertitude associée à l’interprétation des paramètres, en particulier pour les listes ayant reçu peu de voix au premier tour.

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Published In

Article first published online: April 14, 2024
Issue published: January-April 2024

Keywords

  1. ecological inference
  2. French politics
  3. local politics
  4. two-round elections
  5. vote transfers

Mots-clés

  1. élections à deux tours
  2. French politics
  3. inférence écologique
  4. local politics
  5. reports de voix

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© The Author(s) 2024.
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Authors

Affiliations

Julien Audemard
Doctor of Political Science, Chercheur au Centre d’Études Politiques et Sociales (CEPEL, UMR 5112), Montpellier, France

Notes

Julien Audemard, 1 rue François Mitterrand 34920 Le Crès, France Email: [email protected]

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