![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
The current study tests the crime prevention effect of different police actions conducted during a foot-patrol saturation initiative in Newark, New Jersey. Police actions were categorized into two typologies: enforcement actions (i.e., arrests, quality of life summonses and field interrogations) and guardian actions (i.e., business checks, citizen contacts, bus checks, and taxi inspections). Logistic regression models tested the effect of enforcement and guardian actions on crime during daily (i.e., 24-hr) periods as well as the intervention’s operational (6:00 p.m.-2:00 a.m.) and nonoperational (2:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.) periods. Analyses were conducted twice, once for the Operation Impact target area and once for a surrounding catchment zone (to measure spatial displacement). Findings suggest that guardian actions had a greater crime prevention effect than enforcement actions on crime occurrence. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.
References
|
Ariel, B., Weinborn, C., Sherman, L. W. (2016). “Soft” policing at hot spots—Do police community support officers work? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 12, 277-317. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Braga, A., Bond, B. (2008). Policing crime and disorder hot spots: A randomized controlled trial. Criminology, 46, 577-607. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Braga, A., Papachristos, A., Hureau, D. (2014). The effects of hot spots policing on crime: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Justice Quarterly, 31, 633-663. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Braga, A., Welsh, B., Schnell, C. (2015). Can policing disorder reduce crime? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52, 567-588. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Eck, J. (2006). When is a bologna sandwich better than sex? A defense of small-n case study evaluations. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2, 345-362. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Famega, C. (2005). Variation in officer downtime: A review of the research. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 28, 388-414. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Floyd et al. v. The City of New York , 959 F.Supp.2d 540 (2013). Google Scholar | |
|
Fratello, J., Rengifo, A., Trone, J., Velaquez, B. (2013). Coming of age with stop and frisk: Experiences, perceptions, and public safety implications. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice. Google Scholar | |
|
Groff, E., Ratcliffe, J., Haberman, C., Sorg, E., Joyce, N., Taylor, R. (2015). Does what police do at hot spots matter? The Philadelphia policing tactics experiment. Criminology, 53, 23-53. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Haberman, C. (2016). A view inside the “black box” of hot spots policing from a sample of police commanders. Police Quarterly, 19, 488-517. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Jenkins, M., DeCarlo, J. (2015). Police leaders in the new community problem-solving era. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Kochel, T., Weisburd, D. (2017). Assessing community consequences of implementing hot spots policing in residential areas: Findings from a randomized field trial. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 13, 143-170 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Nagin, D., Solow, R., Lum, C. (2015). Deterrence, criminal opportunities, and police. Criminology, 53, 74-100. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Novak, K., Fox, A., Carr, C., Spade, D. (2016). The efficacy of foot patrol in violent places. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 12, 465-475. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Orr, L. (2015). 2014 Rossi award lecture: Beyond internal validity. Evaluation Review, 39, 167-178. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Piza, E., Caplan, J., Kennedy, L., Gilchrist, A. (2015). The effects of merging proactive CCTV monitoring with directed police patrol: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11, 43-69. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Piza, E., O’Hara, B. (2014). Saturation foot patrol in a high-violence area: A quasi-experimental evaluation. Justice Quarterly, 31, 693-718. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rahr, S., Rice, S. (2015). From warriors to guardians: Recommitting American police culture to democratic ideals (Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety, New Perspectives in Policing Series). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Google Scholar | |
|
Ratcliffe, J., Taniguchi, T., Groff, E., Wood, J. (2011). The Philadelphia foot patrol experiment: A randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hot spots. Criminology, 49, 795-831. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rengifo, A., Fowler, K. (2016). Stop, question, and complain: Citizen grievances against the NYPD and the opacity of police stops across New York City precincts, 2007-2013. Journal of Urban Health, 93, 32-41. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Rosenfeld, R., Deckard, M., Blackburn, E. (2014). The effects of directed patrol and self-initiated enforcement on firearm violence: A randomized controlled study of hot spot policing. Criminology, 52, 428-449. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schafer, J., Carter, D., Katz-Bannister, A., Wells, W. (2006). Decision making in traffic stop encounters: A multivariate analysis of police behavior. Police Quarterly, 9, 184-209. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Sherman, L., Rogan, D. (1995a). Deterrent effects of police raids on crack houses: A randomized controlled experiment. Justice Quarterly, 12, 755-782. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sherman, L., Rogan, D. (1995b). Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: “Hot spots” patrol in Kansas City. Justice Quarterly, 12, 673-694. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sherman, L., Weisburd, D. (1995). General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime “hot spots”: A randomized controlled trial. Justice Quarterly, 12, 625-648. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Skogan, W., Frydl, K. (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence (Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices, and Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, D., Purtell, R. (2007). An empirical assessment of NYPD’s “Operation Impact”: A targeted zone crime reduction strategy. New York, NY: Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service. Google Scholar | |
|
Sparrow, M. (2015). Measuring performance in a modern police organization (Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety, New Perspectives in Policing Series). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Google Scholar | |
|
Taylor, B., Koper, C., Woods, D. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of different policing strategies at hot spots of violent crime. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7, 149-181. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Telep, C., Mitchell, R., Weisburd, D. (2014). How much time should the police spend at crime hot spots? Answers from a police agency directed randomized field trial in Sacramento, California. Justice Quarterly, 31, 905-933. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1. (1968). Google Scholar | |
|
Tipton, E., Peck, L. (2016). A design-based approach to improve external validity in welfare policy evaluations. Evaluation Review, 41. doi:10.1177/0193841X16655656 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
U.S. Census Bureau . (2010). United States census, 2010. Retrieved from www.census.gov/2010census/ Google Scholar | |
|
U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division . (2014). Investigation of the Newark police department. Washington, DC: United States Attorney’s Office. Google Scholar | |
|
Weisburd, D., Eck, J. (2004). What can police do to reduce crime, disorder, and fear? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593, 42-65. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Weisburd, D., Green, L. (1995). Policing drug hot spots: The Jersey City drug market analysis experiment. Justice Quarterly, 12, 711-736. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Weisburd, D., Hinkle, J., Famega, C., Ready, J. (2011). The possible “backfire” effects of hot spots policing: An experimental assessment of impacts on legitimacy, fear and collective efficacy. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7, 297-320. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wu, X., Lum, C. (2016). Measuring the spatial and temporal patterns of police proactivity. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10940-016-9318-5 Google Scholar | Crossref |
