Abstract
It has been found that transformational and transactional leadership is positively related to the effectiveness of the leader, the subordinate’s effort, job satisfaction, and the subordinate’s organizational commitment. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of transformational, transactional, and non-leadership on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The population was teachers of all three levels of schooling (elementary, intermediate, and high school) in the province of Kermanshah, Iran in 2012–2013. The sample consisted of 387 teachers who were randomly selected from among 42 schools. The results seem to indicate that teachers experienced more value commitment than commitment to stay and job satisfaction. The results of the study revealed that charismatic leadership was a strong predictor of job satisfaction and value commitment, and laissez-faire leadership was a strong (negative) predictor of intent to stay.
|
Akehurst, G, Comeche, JM, Galindo, M (2009) Job satisfaction and commitment in the entrepreneurial SME. Small Business Economics 32:277–289. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Angle, HL, Perry, JL (1981) An empirical assessment of organizational commitment and organizational effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly 26:1–13. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Antonakis, J, Avolio, BJ, Sivasubramaniam, N (2003) Context and leadership: An examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the multifactor leadership questionnaire. The Leadership Quarterly 14:261–295. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Arvey, RD, Bouchard, TJ, Segal, NL, Abraham, LM (1989) Job satisfaction: Environmental and genetic components. Journal of Applied Psychology 74:187–192. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Avolio, BJ, Zhu, W, Koh, W, Bhatia, P (2004) Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior 25:951–968. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Avtgis, TA, Taber, KR (2006) I laughed so hard my side hurts, or is that an ulcer? The influence of work humour on job stress, job satisfaction, and burnout among print media employees. Communication Research Reports 23:13–18. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Barge, JK, Schlueter, DW (1988) A critical evaluation of organizational commitment and identification. Management Communication Quarterly 2:116–133. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Bass, BM (1985) Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. New York: The Free Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bass, BM (1990) From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics 18:19–36. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bass, BM (1999) Current developments in transformational leadership: Research and applications. The Psychologist Manager Journal 3:5–21. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bass, BM, Avolio, BJ, Goodheim, L (1987) Biography and the assessment of transformational leadership at the world class level. Journal of Management 13:7–19. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Bateman, TS, Strasser, S (1984) A longitudinal analysis of the antecedents of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Journal 27:95–112. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bono, JE, Judge, TA (2003) Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal 46(5):554–571. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Brown, AF (1967) Reactions to leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly 3:62–73. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Burns, JM (1978) Leadership. New York: Harper & Row. Google Scholar | |
|
Bycio, P, Hackett, RD, Allen, JS (1995) Further assessments of Bass’s (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology 80:468–478. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chaudhry, AQ, Javed, H (2012) Impact of transactional and laissez-faire leadership style on motivation. International Journal of Business and Social Science 3(7):258–264. Google Scholar | |
|
Chen, KJ, Chen, SI (2008) Personal traits and leadership styles of Taiwan’s higher educational institution in innovative operations. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge 12:145–150. Google Scholar | |
|
Clabaugh, CA, Monroe, GS, Soutar, GN (2000) Supervisory factors affecting job satisfaction in public accounting firms. Australian Accounting Review 10:65–72. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Conger, JA, Kanungo, RN (1987) Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings. Academy of Management Review 12:637–647. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
DeCotiis, T, Summers, T (1987) A path analysis of a model of the antecedents and consequences of organizational commitment. Human Relations 40:445–470. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
DeGroot, T, Kiker, DS, Cross, TC (2000) A meta-analysis to review organizational outcomes related to charismatic leadership. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 17:356–371. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Eagly, AH, Mary, C, Schmidt, J, van Engen, ML (2003) Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin 129(4):569–591. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Emery, CR, Barker, KJ (2007) The effect of transactional and transformational leadership styles on the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of customer contact personnel. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict 11:77–90. Google Scholar | |
|
Friday, SS, Friday, E (2003) Racioethnic perceptions of job characteristics and job satisfaction. Journal of Management Development 22(5):426–442. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Galup, SD, Klein, G, Jiang, JJ (2008) The impact of job characteristics on is employee satisfaction: A comparison between permanent and temporary employees. Journal of Computer Information Systems 48:58–68. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Greenfield, TB (1968) Research on behavior of educational leaders: Critique of tradition. Alberta Journal of Educational Research 14:55–76. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Hater, JJ, Bass, BM (1988) Superiors’ evaluation and subordinates’ perception of transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology 73:695–702. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hellriegel, D, Slocum, J (2007) Organizational Behavior. Mason, OH: South Western. Google Scholar | |
|
Hilgerman, R (1998) Communication satisfaction, goal setting, job satisfaction, concretive control, and effectiveness in self-managed teams. Dissertation Abstracts International 59:1661. Google Scholar | |
|
Hindua, ZR, Wilson-Evered, E, Moss, S, Scannell, E (2009) Leadership, work outcomes and openness to change following an Indonesian bank merger. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 47:59–78. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hirtz, PD, Murray, SL, Riordan, CA (2007) The effects of leadership on quality. Engineering Management Journal 19:22–27. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kanungo, RN (1982) Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology 67:341–349. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Keeler, BT, Andrews, JHM (1963) Leader behavior of principals, staff morale, and productivity. Alberta Journal of Educational Research 9:179–191. Google Scholar | |
|
Kurland, H, Peretz, H, Hertz-Lazarowitz, R (2010) Leadership style and organizational learning: The mediate effect of school vision. Journal of Educational Administration 48:7–30. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lee, HY, Ahmad, KZ (2009) The moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationships between leadership behaviour and organizational commitment and between organizational commitment and job satisfaction and performance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 30:53–86. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Leong, CS, Furnham, A, Cooper, CL (1996) The moderating effect of organizational commitment on the occupational stress outcome relationship. Human Relations 49:1345–1363. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Locke, EA (1976) The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In: Dunnette, MD (ed.) Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Rand McNally: Chicago, IL, 1297–1349. Google Scholar | |
|
Lok, P, Crawford, J (2004) The effect of organizational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The Journal of Management Development 23:321–338. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lotfi, F, Mokhtarpour, S, Momenirad, A, Amini, M, Kojuri, J (2012) Relevance between style leadership and organizational commitment of faculty members. Medical Journal of Hormozgan University 16:233–239. Google Scholar | |
|
Madlock, PE (2006) Do differences in displays of nonverbal immediacy and communicator competence between male and female supervisors affect subordinates, job satisfaction? Ohio Communication Journal 44:61–78. Google Scholar | |
|
Madlock, PE (2008) The link between leadership style, communicator competence, an employee satisfaction. Journal of Business Communication 45:61–79. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Mathieu, JE, Zajac, DM (1990) A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates and consequences or organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin 108:171–194. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Miia, M, Nicole, H, Karlos, A, Jaakko, K, Ali, J (2006) Project-based management as an organizational innovation: Drivers, changes, and benefits of adopting project-based management. Project Management Journal 37:87–96. Google Scholar | |
|
Mowday, RT, Porter, LW, Steers, RM (1982) Employee-organizational Linkage: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteesm, and Turnover. New York: Academic Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Northouse, PG (2007) Leadership: Theory and practice (4th edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Oguz, E (2010) The relationship between the leadership styles of the school administrators and the organizational citizenship behaviours of teachers. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 9:988–1193. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Page, K, Vella-Brodrick, D (2008) The what, why and how of employee wellbeing: A new model. Springer Science and Business Media 90:441–448. Google Scholar | |
|
Patten, DM (1995) Supervisory actions and job satisfaction: An analysis of differences between large and small public accounting firms. Accounting Horizons 9:17–28. Google Scholar | |
|
Pitts, DW (2009) Diversity management, job satisfaction, and performance: Evidence from US Federal Agencies. Public Administration Review 69:328–338. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Porter, LW, Steers, RM, Mowday, RT, Boulian, PV (1974) Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology 59:603–609. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ramezaninezhad, R, Hematinezhad, MA, Andam, R, Zare, S, Sadeghpoor, N (2011) Relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles of school principals and sports teachers’ organizational commitment. Journal of Kinematic Behavior and Sport Management 1:63–72. Google Scholar | |
|
Reyes, P, Shin, HS (1995) Teacher commitment and job satisfaction: A casual analysis. Journal of School Leadership 5:22–39. Google Scholar | |
|
Richmond, VP, McCroskey, JC, Davis, LM, Koontz, KA (1980) Perceived power as a mediator of management style and employee satisfaction: A preliminary investigation. Communication Quarterly 28:37–46. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Riketta, M (2008) The causal relation between job attitudes and performance: A meta-analysis of panel studies. Journal of Applied Psychology 93:472–481. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Rost, JC (1991) Leadership for the Twenty-first Century. New York: Praeger. Google Scholar | |
|
Scroggins, W (2008) The relationship between employee fit perceptions, job performance, and retention: Implications of perceived fit. Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal 20:57–71. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Shamir, B, Zakay, E, Breinin, E, Popper, M (1998) Correlates of charismatic leader behavior in military units: Subordinates attitudes, unit characteristics and superiors appraisals of leader performance. Academy of Management Journal 42:387–409. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Shatzer, RH, Caldarella, P, Hallam, PR, Brown, BL (2014) Comparing the effects of instructional and transformational leadership on student achievement: Implications for practice. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 42(4):445–459. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Sivanathan, N, Fekken, GC (2002) Emotional intelligence, moral reasoning and transformational leadership. Leadership and Organization Development Journal 23:198–204. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Spector, PE (1985) Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the job satisfaction survey. American Journal of Community Psychology 13:693–713. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Stewart, J (2006) Transformational leadership: An evolving concept examined through the works of Burns, Bass, Avolio and Leithwood. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy 54:1–29. Google Scholar | |
|
Thomas, P, Does, JJ, Scott, KS (2002) Relationship between accountability, job satisfaction and trust. Human Resource Development Quarterly 13:307–323. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Walumbwa, FO, Wang, P, Lawler, JJ, Shi, K (2004) The role of collective efficacy in the relations between transformational leadership and work outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 77:515–530. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Weiss, DJ, Dawis, RV, England, GW, Lofquist, LH (1967) Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. Google Scholar | |
|
Yaakub, NF, Ayob, AM (1993) Principals’ leadership style and school performance: Case of Selangor secondary schools, Pertanika. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities 1:19–25. Google Scholar | |
|
Zareen, M, Razzaq, K, Mujtaba, BG (2014) Impact of transactional, transformational and laissez-faire leadership styles on motivation: A quantitative study of banking employees in Pakistan. Public Organization Review 2014:1–19. Google Scholar | |
|
Zembat, R, Koçyigit, S, Tugluk, MN, Dogan, H (2010) The relationship between the effectiveness of preschools and leadership styles of school managers. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 2:2269–2276. Google Scholar | Crossref |

