Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Free access
Other
First published 1996

Human Oral Microbial Ecology and Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases

W.F. Liljemark and C. BloomquistView all authors and affiliations
Volume 7, Issue 2
https://doi.org/10.1177/10454411960070020601

Abstract

In the human oral cavity, which is an open growth system, bacteria must first adhere to a surface in order to be able to colonize. Ability to colonize a non-shedding tooth surface is necessary prior to any odontopathic or periodontopathic process. Complex microbe-host relationships occur and must be studied before the commensal-to-pathogenic nature of the human indigenous oral flora can be understood. Medical pathogens, if present in the appropriate host, always produce specific disease. Caries and periodontal diseases are conditional diseases, requiring numbers of certain indigenous species at various sites, particularly the tooth surface. In the case of caries, the condition is related to sugar consumption. Periodontal disease/s may require certain host and environmental conditions, such as local environment or nutritional factors in gingival crevicular fluids. Nonetheless, critical numbers of certain indigenous species must be present in order for these diseases to occur. The aim of this review is to understand the acquisition of the indigenous oral flora and the development of human dental plaque. The role of the salivary pellicle and adherence of indigenous bacteria to it are critical first steps in plaque development. Bacterial interactions with saliva, nutritional factors, growth factors, and microbial physiologic processes are all involved in the overall process of microbial colonization.

References

Alaluusua S., Alaluusua SJ, Karjalainen J., Saarela M., Holttinen T., Kallio M., et al. (1994). The demonstration by ribotyping of the stability of oral Streptococcus mutans infection over 5 to 7 years in children. Arch Oral Biol 39:467-471.
Google Scholar
Axelsson P., Lindhe J. (1974). The effect of a preventive program on dental plaque, gingivitis and caries in school children: Results after one and two years. J Clin Periodontol 1:126-135.
Google Scholar
Axelsson P., Lindhe J., Nystrom B. (1991). On the prevention of caries and periodontal disease. Results of a 15-year longitudinal study in adults. J Clin Periodontol 18:182-189.
Google Scholar
Baier RE, Glantz P.-O (1978). Characterization of oral in vivo films formed on different types of solid surfaces. Acta Odontol Scand 36:289-301.
Google Scholar
Bandt CL, Liljemark WF, Pihlstrom BL, Hinrichs JE, Schaffer EM, Wolff LF (1982). The use of selective media for examining relationships between dental plaque microorganisms and periodontal disease in a large sample clinical investigation. I Periodontol Res 17:518-520.
Google Scholar
Bennick A. (1982). Salivary proline-rich proteins. Molec Cellular Biachem 45:83-99.
Google Scholar
Berkowitz RJ, Jones P. (1985). Mouth-to-mouth transmission of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans between mother and child. Arch Oral Biol 30:377-379.
Google Scholar
Berkowitz JR, Jordan HV, White G. (1975). The early establishment of Streptococcus mutans in the mouths of infants. Arch Oral Biol 20:171-174.
Google Scholar
Bloomquist CG, Douglas W., Dunny G., Liljemark W., Reilly B. (1994) Composition and process to treat or control bacterial infection. In: International Patent Publication. Minneapolis, MN: Regents of the University of Minnesota.
Google Scholar
Bloomquist CG, Reilly BE, Liljemark WF (1996). Adherence, accumulation and cell division of a natural adherent bacterial population. J Bacteriol (in press).
Google Scholar
Bowden GHW (1990). Microbiology of root surface caries in humans. J Dent Res 69:1205-1210.
Google Scholar
Boyd J., McBride BC (1984). Fractionation of hemagglutinating and bacterial binding adhesins of Bacteroides gingivalis. Infect Immun 45:403-409.
Google Scholar
Brown MR, Allison DG, Gilbert P. (1988). Resistance of bacterial biofilms to antibiotics: a growth-rate related effect? (review). J Antimicrob Chemother 22:777-780.
Google Scholar
Busscher HJ, Weerkamp AH (1987). Specific and non-specific interactions in bacterial adhesion on solid substrata. FEMS Microbiol Rev 46:165-173.
Google Scholar
Busscher HJ, Weerkamp AH, van der Mei HC, van Pelt AW!, de Jong HP, Arends J. (1984). Measurement of the surface free energy of bacterial cell surfaces and its relevance for adhesion. Appl Environ Microbiol 48:980-983.
Google Scholar
Carlsson J. (1967). Presence of various types of nonhaemolytic streptococci in dental plaque and in other sites of the oral cavity in man. Odontol Revy 18:55-74.
Google Scholar
Carlsson J., Egelberg J. (1965). Effect of diet on early plaque formation in man. Odontol Revy 16:112-125.
Google Scholar
Carlsson J., Sundstrom B. (1968). Variations in composition of early dental plaque following ingestion of sucrose and glucose. Odontol Revy 19:161-169.
Google Scholar
Caufield PW, Cutter GR, Dasanayake AP (1993). Initial acquisition of mutans streptococci infections in infants: evidence for a discrete window of infectivity. I Dent Res 72:37-45.
Google Scholar
Cisar JO, Kolenbrander PE, Mcintire FC (1979). Specificity of coaggregation reactions between human oral streptococci and strains of Actinomyces viscosus or Actinomyces naeslundii. Infect Immun 24:742-752.
Google Scholar
Clark WB, Wheeler TT, Cisar JO (1984). Specific inhibition of adsorption of Actinomyces viscosus T14V to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite by antibody against type 1 fimbriae. Infect Immun 43:497-501.
Google Scholar
Correia F., DiRienzo JM, McKay T., Rosan B. (1995). Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of a new member of the streptococcal 37-kDa adhesin family (abstract). J Dent Res 74:200.
Google Scholar
Cowan MM, Taylor KG, Doyle RJ (1987). Role of sialic acid in the kinetics of Streptococcus sanguis adhesion to artificial pellicle. Infect Immun 55:1552-1557.
Google Scholar
Crowley PJ, Brady LJ, Piacentini DA, Bleiweis AS (1993). Identification of a salivary agglutinin-binding domain within cell surface adhesin PI of Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun 61:1547-1552.
Google Scholar
de Stoppelaar JD, van Houte J., Backer-Dirks O. (1970). The effect of carbohydrate restriction on the presence of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis and iodophilic polysaccharide-producing bacteria in human dental plaque. Caries Res 4:114-123.
Google Scholar
Demuth DR, Davis CA, Corner AM, Lamont RJ Leboy PS, Malamud D. (1988). Cloning and expression of a Streptococcus sanguis surface antigen that interacts with a human salivary agglutinin. Infect Immun 56:2484-2490.
Google Scholar
Demuth DR, Berthold P., Leboy PS, Golub EE, Davis CA, Malamud D. (1989). Saliva-mediated aggregation of Enterococcus faecalis transformed with a Streptococcus sanguis gene encoding the SSP-5 surface antigen. Infect Immun 57:1470-1475.
Google Scholar
Demuth DR, Golub EE, Malamud D. (1990a). Streptococcal-host interactions: Structural and functional analysis of a Streptococcus sanguis receptor for a human salivary glycoprotein. ) Biol Chem 265:7120-7126.
Google Scholar
Demuth DR, Lammey MS, Huck M., Lally ET, Malamud D. (1990b). Comparison of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis receptors for human salivary agglutinin. Microbial Pathol 9:199-211.
Google Scholar
Doyle RJ, Oakley JD, Murphy KR, McAlister D., Taylor KG (1985). Graphical analyses of adherence data. In: Molecular basis of oral microbial adhesion. Mergenhagen SE, Rosan B, editors. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 109-113.
Google Scholar
Duchesne P., Grenier D., Mayrand D. (1995). Demonstration of adherence properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles using a new microassay. Oral Microbiol Immunol 10:76-80.
Google Scholar
Duchin S., van Houte J. (1978). Relationship of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli to incipient smooth surface dental caries in man. Arch Oral Biol 23:779-786.
Google Scholar
Edwardsson S. (1968). Characteristics of caries-inducing human streptococci resembling Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 13:637-646.
Google Scholar
Ellen RP (1982). Oral colonization by Gram-positive bacteria significant to periodontal disease. In: Host-parasite interactions in periodontal diseases. Genco RJ, Mergenhagen SE, editors. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 98-111.
Google Scholar
Ellen RP, Balcerzak-Raczkowski RP (1975). Differential medium for detecting dental plaque bacteria resembling Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii. J Clin Microbiol 2:305-310.
Google Scholar
Ellen RP, Fillery ED, Chan KH, Grove DA (1980). Sialidase-enhanced lectin-like mechanism for Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii hemagglutination. Infect Immun 27:335-343.
Google Scholar
Ellen RP, Banning DW, Fillery ED (1985). Longitudinal microbiological investigation of a hospitalized population of older adults with a high root surface caries risk. J Dent Res 64:1377-1381.
Google Scholar
Emilson CG, Ciardi JE, Olsson J., Bowen WH (1989). The influence of saliva on infection of the human mouth by mutans streptococci. Arch Oral Biol 34:335-340.
Google Scholar
Ericson T., Arwin H. (1985). Molecular basis of saliva-mediated aggregation. In: Molecular basis of oral microbial adhesion. Mergenhagen SE, Rosan B, editors. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 144-150.
Google Scholar
Ericson T., Pruitt K., Wedel H. (1975). The reaction of salivary substances with bacteria. J Oral Pathol 4:307-323.
Google Scholar
Espe MJ, Liljemark WF, Bloomquist CG, Douglas WH (1991). Comparison of plaque formation on Enamel, Visio®-dispers and Silux™ (abstract). J Dent Res 70:294.
Google Scholar
Fillery ED, Bowden GH, Hardie JM (1978). A comparison of strains of bacteria designated Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii. Caries Res 12:299-312.
Google Scholar
Fitzgerald RJ (1963a). Gnotobiotic contribution to oral microbiology. J Dent Res 42:549-552.
Google Scholar
Fitzgerald R.) (1963b). Microbiological aspects of dental caries. J Am Dent Assoc 66:597-599.
Google Scholar
Fitzgerald RI, Keyes PH (1960). Demonstration of the etiologic role of streptococci in experimental caries in the hamster. J Am Dent Assoc 61:9-19.
Google Scholar
Fitzgerald RI, Keyes PH (1963). Ecologic factors in dental caries: The fate of antibiotic-resistant cariogenic streptococci in hamsters. Am J Pathol 42:759-772.
Google Scholar
Fitzgerald R.), Jordan HV, Archard HO (1966). Dental caries in gnotobiotic rats infected with a variety of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Arch Oral Biol 11:473-476.
Google Scholar
Fives-Taylor PM, Macrina FL, Pritchard TJ, Peene SS (1987). Expression of Streptococcus sanguis antigens in Escherichia coli: cloning of a structural gene for adhesion fimbriae. Infect Immun 55:123-128.
Google Scholar
Freedman ML, Tanzer JM, Swayne E., Allen-Spach-Petrzilka G. (1983). Colonization and virulence of Streptococcus sobrinus: The roles of glucan-associated phenomena revealed by the use of mutants. In: Glucosyltransferases, glucans, sucrose and dental caries Doyle RJ, Ciardi J, editors. Washington, DC: IRL Press, pp. 39-49.
Google Scholar
Ganeshkumar N., Song M., McBride BC (1988) Cloning of a Streptococcus sanguis adhesin which mediates binding to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Infect Immun 56:1150-1157
Google Scholar
Gibbons RI (1964). Bacteriology of dental caries. J Dent Res 43:1021-1028.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RI (1984). Microbial ecology: adherent interactions which may affect microbial ecology in the mouth J Dent Res 63:378-385.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RJ (1989). Bacterial adhesion to oral tissues: a model for infectious diseases. J Dent Res 68:750-760.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RJ Etherden I. (1985). Albumin as a blocking agent in studies of streptococcal adsorption to experimental salivary pellicles. Infect Immun 50:592-594.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RI Hay DI (1988). Human salivary acidic proline-rich proteins and statherin promote the attachment of Actinomyces viscosus LY7 to apatitic surfaces. Infect Immun 56:439-445.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RJ, Nygaard M. (1970). Interbacterial aggregation of plaque bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 15:1397-1400.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RJ, Spinell DM (1969). Salivary-induced aggregation of plaque bacteria. In: Dental plaque. McHugh WD, editor. New York: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 207-215.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RJ, van Houte J. (1980). Bacterial adherence and the formation of dental plaques. In: Bacterial adherence. Receptors and recognition, Series B, Vol. 6. Beachey EH, editor. London: Chapman Hall, pp. 61-104.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RJ, Kapsimalis B., Socransky SS (1964). The source of salivary bacteria. Arch Oral Biol 9:101-103.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RJ, Etherden I., Moreno EC (1983a). Association of neuraminidase-sensitive receptors and putative hydrophobic interactions with high-affinity binding sites for Streptococcus sanguis C5 in salivary pellicles. Infect Immun 42:1006-1012.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RJ, Moreno EC, Etherden I. (1983b). Concentration-dependent multiple binding sites on saliva-treated hydroxyapatite for Streptococcus sanguis. Infect Immun 39:280-289.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RJ, Cohen L., Hay DI (1986). Strains of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus attach to different pellicle receptors. Infect Immun 52:555-561.
Google Scholar
Gibbons RJ, Hay DI, Schlesinger DH (1991). Delineation of a segment of adsorbed salivary acidic proline-rich proteins which promotes adhesion of Streptococcus gordonii to apatitic surfaces. Infect Immun 59:2948-2954.
Google Scholar
Glantz P.-O, Baier RE (1986). Recent studies on nonspecific aspects of intraoral adhesion. J Adhesion 20:227-244.
Google Scholar
Gristina AG, Hobgood CD, Webb LX, Myrvik QN (1987). Adhesive colonization of biomaterials and antibiotic resistance. Biomaterials 8:423-426.
Google Scholar
Haapasalo M., Müller K.-H, Uitto V.-J, Leung WK, McBride BC (1992). Characterization, cloning and binding properties of the major 53-kilodalton Treponema denticola surface antigen. Infect Immun 60:2058-2065.
Google Scholar
Hasty DL, Ofek I., Courtney HS, Doyle RJ (1992). Multiple adhesins of streptococci. Infect Immun 60:2147-2152.
Google Scholar
Hawkins BW, Cannon RD, lenkinson HF (1993). Interactions of Actinomyces naeslundii strains T14V and ATCC 12104 with saliva, collagen and fibrinogen. Arch Oral Biol 38:533-535.
Google Scholar
Hay DI, Gibbons RJ, Spinell DM (1971). Characteristics of some high molecular weight constituents with bacterial aggregating activity from whole saliva and dental plaque. Caries Res 5:111-123.
Google Scholar
Hay DI, Ahern JM, Schluckebier SK, Schlesinger DH (1994). Human salivary acidic proline-rich protein polymorphisms and biosynthesis studied by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Dent Res 73:1717-1726.
Google Scholar
Hillman JD, van Houte J., Gibbons RJ (1970). Sorption of bacteria to human enamel powder. Arch Oral Biol 15:899-903.
Google Scholar
Hiroi T., Fukushima K., Kantake I., Namiki Y., Ikeda T. (1992). De novo glucan synthesis by mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferases present in pellicle promoted firm binding of Streptococcus gordonii to tooth surfaces. FEMS Microbiol Lett 96:193-198.
Google Scholar
Hsu SD, Cisar JO, Sandberg AL, Kilian M. (1994). Adhesive properties of viridans streptococcal species. Microb Ecol Hith Dis 7:125-137.
Google Scholar
Issacson RE (1985). Pilus adhesins. In: Bacterial adhesion, mechanisms and physiological significance. Savage DC, Fletcher M, editors. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 307-336.
Google Scholar
lenkinson HF (1992). Adherence, coaggregation, and hydrophobicity of Streptococcus gordonii associated with expression of cell surface lipoproteins. Infect Immun 60:1225-1228.
Google Scholar
Jordan HV, Keyes PH (1964). Aerobic Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria as etiology agents of experimental periodontal disease in hamsters. Arch Oral Biol 9:401-411.
Google Scholar
Jordan HV, Fitzgerald RJ, Faber JR Jr (1959). A survey of the lactobacilli including pigmented strains from the oral cavity of the white rat. J Dent Res 38:611-617.
Google Scholar
Kashket S., Donaldson CG (1972). Saliva-induced aggregation of oral streptococci. J Bacteriol 112:1127-1133.
Google Scholar
Keyes PH (1958). Dental caries in the molar teeth of rats. I. Distribution of lesions induced by high-carbohydrate low-fat diets. J Dent Res 37:1077-1087.
Google Scholar
Keyes PH (1959). Dental caries in the Syrian hamster. VIII. The induction of rampant caries activity in albino and golden animals. J Dent Res 38:525-533.
Google Scholar
Keyes PH (1960). The infectious and transmissible nature of experimental dental caries. Findings and implications. Arch Oral Biol 1:304-320.
Google Scholar
Kilian M., Mikkelsen L., Henrichsen J. (1989). Taxonomic study of viridans streptococci: Description of Streptococcus gordonii sp. nov. and emended descriptions of Streptococcus sanguis (White and Niven 1956), Streptococcus oralis (Bridge and Sneath 1982), and Streptococcus mitis (Andrewes and Horder 1906). Int J Syst Bacteriol 39:471-484.
Google Scholar
Kishimoto E., Hay DI, Kent R. ( 1990). Polymorphism of submandibular-sublingual salivary proteins which promote adhesion of Streptococcus mutans serotype-c strains to hydroxyapatite. I Dent Res 69:1741-1745.
Google Scholar
Kolenbrander PE (1988). Intergeneric coaggregation among human oral bacteria and ecology of dental plaque. Ann Rev Microbiol 42:627-656.
Google Scholar
Kolenbrander PE, Andersen RN (1986). Multigeneric aggregations among oral bacteria: a network of independent cell-to-cell interactions. Infect Immun 168:851-859.
Google Scholar
Kolenbrander PE, London J. (1993). Adhere today, here tomorrow: Oral bacterial adherence. I Bacteriol 175:3247-3252.
Google Scholar
Komiyama K., Gibbons RJ (1984). Inhibition of lactose-reversible adherence between Actinomyces viscosus and oral streptococci by salivary components. Caries Res 18:193-200.
Google Scholar
Kononen E., Asikainen S., lousimies-Somer H. (1992). The early colonization of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria in edentulous infants. Oral Microbiol Immunol 7:28-31.
Google Scholar
Kononen E., Asikainen S., Saarela M., Karjalainen J., Jousimies-Somer H. (1994). The oral Gram-negative anaerobic microflora in young children: longitudinal changes from edentulous to dentate mouth. Oral Microbiol Immunol 9:136-141.
Google Scholar
Krasse B., Edwardsson S., Svensson I., Trell L. (1967) Implantation of caries-inducing streptococci in the human oral cavity. Arch Oral Biol 12:231-236.
Google Scholar
Lai CH, Bloomquist C., Liljemark WF (1990). Purification and characterization of an outer membrane protein adhesin from Haemophilus parainfluenzae HP-28. Infect Immun 58:3833-3839.
Google Scholar
Lamont RJ, Rosan B., Baker CT, Nelson GM (1988). Characterization of an adhesin antigen of Streptococcus sanguis G9B. Infect Immun 56:2417-2423.
Google Scholar
Lamont R.), Demuth DR, Davis CA, Malamud D., Rosan B. (1991). Salivary-agglutinin-mediated adherence of Streptococcus mutans to early plaque bacteria. Infect Immun 59:3446-3450.
Google Scholar
Levine MJ, Herzberg MC, Levine MS, Ellison SA, Stinson MW, Li HC, et al. (1978). Specificity of salivary-bacterial interactions: role of terminal sialic acid residues in the interaction of salivary glycoproteins with Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun 19:107-115.
Google Scholar
Levine MJ, Tabak LA, Reddy M., Mandel ID (1985). Nature of salivary pellicles in microbial adherence: role of salivary mucins. In: Molecular basis of oral microbial adhesion. Mergenhagen S, Rosan B, editors. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 125-130.
Google Scholar
Li Y., Caufield PW (1995). The fidelity of initial acquisition of mutans streptococci by infants from their mothers. J Dent Res 74:681-685.
Google Scholar
Ligtenberg AJM, Walgreen-Weterings E., Veerman ECI, de Graaff J., Nieuw Amerongen AV (1993). Adherence of Streptococcus gordonii HG 222 in the presence of saliva. Ant van Leeuwenhoek 64:39-45.
Google Scholar
Liljemark WF, Bloomquist CG (1981). Isolation of a protein-containing cell surface component from Streptococcus sanguis which affects its adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Infect Immun 34:428-434.
Google Scholar
Liljemark WF, Bloomquist CG (1994). Normal microbial flora of the human body. 2nd ed. In: Oral microbiology and immunology. Nisengard RJ. Newman MG, editors. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, pp. 135-144.
Google Scholar
Liljemark WF, Schauer SV (1977). Competitive binding among oral streptococci to hydroxyapatite. J Dent Res 56:157-165.
Google Scholar
Liljemark WF, Bloomquist CG, Ofstehage JC (1979). Aggregation and adherence of Streptococcus sanguis: Role of human salivary immunoglobulin A. Infect Immun 26:1104-1110.
Google Scholar
Liljemark WF, Bloomquist CG, Germaine GR (1981). Effect of bacterial aggregation on the adherence of oral streptococci to hydroxyapatite. Infect Immun 31:935-941.
Google Scholar
Liljemark WF, Bloomquist CG, Uhl LA, Schaffer EM, Wolff LF, Pihlstrom BL, et al. (1984). Distribution of oral Haemophilus species in dental plaque from a large adult population. Infect Immun 46:778-786.
Google Scholar
Liljemark WF, Bloomquist CG, Fenner LJ (1985). Characteristics of the adherence of oral haemophilus species to an experimental salivary pellicle and to other oral bacteria. In: Molecular basis of oral microbial adhesion. Mergenhagen SE, Rosan B, editors. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 94-102.
Google Scholar
Liljemark WF, Fenner LJ, Bloomquist CG (1986). In vivo colonization of salivary pellicle by Haemophilus, Actinomyces and Streptococcus species. Caries Res 20:481-497.
Google Scholar
Liljemark WF, Bloomquist CG, Fenner LJ, Antonelli PJ, Coulter MC (1989). Effect of neuraminidase on the adherence to salivary pellicle of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis. Caries Res 23:141-145.
Google Scholar
Liljemark WF, Bloomquist CG, Bandt CL, Pihlstrom BL, Hinrichs JE, Wolff LF (1993). Comparison of the distribution of Actinomyces in dental plaque on inserted enamel and natural tooth surfaces in periodontal health and disease. Oral Microbiol Immunol 8:5-15.
Google Scholar
Liu T., Gibbons RJ (1990). Binding of streptococci of the "mutans" group to type 1 collagen associated with apatitic surfaces. Oral Microbiol Immunol 5:131-136.
Google Scholar
Liu T., Gibbons RJ, Hay DI (1990). Streptococcus cricetus and Streptococcus rattus bind to different segments of collagen molecules. Oral Microbiol Immunol 5:143-148.
Google Scholar
Loesche WJ ( 1986). Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Revy 50:353-380.
Google Scholar
Loesche WJ (1988). Ecology of the oral flora. In: Oral microbiology and immunology. Nisengard RJ, Newman MG, editors. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., pp. 307-319.
Google Scholar
London J., Allen J. (1990). Purification and characterization of a Bacteroides loescheii adhesin that interacts with procaryotic and eucaryotic cells. J Bacteriol 172:2527-2534.
Google Scholar
Marsh PD (1989). Host defenses and microbial homeostasis: Role of microbial interactions. J Dent Res 68:1567-1575.
Google Scholar
Marsh PD (1991a). Microbiological aspects of the chemical control of plaque and gingivitis. J Dent Res 71:1431-1438
Google Scholar
Marsh PD (1991b). The significance of maintaining the stability of the natural microflora of the mouth. Br Dent J 171:174-177.
Google Scholar
McCabe RM, Donkersloot JA (1977). Adherence of Veillonella species mediated by extracellular glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus salivarius. Infect Immun 18:726-734.
Google Scholar
McCarthy C., Snyder ML, Parker RB (1965). The indigenous oral flora of man. 1. The newborn to the 1-year-old infant. Arch Oral Biol 10:61-70.
Google Scholar
McIntire FC (1985). Specific surface components and microbial coaggregation. In: Molecular basis of oral microbial adhesion. Mergenhagen SE, Rosan B, editors. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 153-158.
Google Scholar
Meighen EA (1991). Molecular biology of bacterial bioluminescence (review). Microbial Rev 55:124-142.
Google Scholar
Moore LVH, Moore WEC, Cato EP, Smibert RM, Burmeister JA, Best AM, et al. (1987). Bacteriology of human gingivitis. J Dent Res 66:989-995.
Google Scholar
Moore WEC, Holdeman LV, Smibert RM, Good IJ, Burmeister JA, Palcanis KG, et al. (1982a). Bacteriology of experimental gingivitis in young adult humans. Infect Immun 38:651-657.
Google Scholar
Moore WEC, Ranney RR, Holdeman LV (1982b). Subgingival microflora in periodontal disease: Cultural studies. In: Host-parasite interactions in periodontal disease. Genco RJ, Mergenhagen SE, editors. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 13-26.
Google Scholar
Moore WEC, Holdeman LV, Cato EP, Smibert RM, Burmeister JA, Ranney RR (1983). Bacteriology of moderate (chronic) periodontitis in mature adult humans. Infect Immun 42:510-515.
Google Scholar
Morris EJ, McBride BC (1984). Adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite: evidence of two binding sites. Infect Immun 43:656-663.
Google Scholar
Murray PA, Levine MJ, Reddy MS, Tabak LA, Bergey EJ (1986). Preparation of a sialic acid-binding protein from Streptococcus mitis KS32AR. Infect Immun 53:359-365.
Google Scholar
Murray PA, Kern DG, Winkler JR (1988). Identification of a galactose-binding lectin on Fusobacterium nucleatum FN-2. Infect Immun 56:1314-1319.
Google Scholar
Nyberg G., Stromberg N., lonsson A., Karlsson K-A., Normark S. (1990). Erythrocyte gangliosides act as receptors for Neisseria subflava: identification of the Sia-I adhesin. Infect Immun 58:2555-2563.
Google Scholar
Orland FJ, Blayney JR, Harrison RW, Reyniers JA, Trexler PC, Wagner M. (1954). Use of the germfree animal technic in the study of experimental dental caries. I. Basic observations on rats reared free of all microorganisms. J Dent Res 33:147-174.
Google Scholar
Orland FJ, Blayney JR, Harrison RW, Reyniers JA, Trexler PC, Erwin RF (1955). Experimental caries in germfree rats inoculated with enterococci. J Am Dent Assoc 50:259-272.
Google Scholar
rstavik D. (1984). Initial bacterial adhesion to surfaces: Ecological implications in dental plaque formation. In: Bacterial adhesion and preventive dentistry. ten Cate JM, Leach SA, Arends J, editors. Oxford, England: IRL Press, pp. 153-166.
Google Scholar
Prakobphol A., Levine MJ, Tabak LA, Reddy MS (1982). Purification of a low-molecular-weight, mucin-type glycoprotein from human submandibular-sublingual saliva. Carbohydr Res 108:111-122.
Google Scholar
Putnins EE, Bowden GH (1993). Antigenic relationships among oral Actinomyces isolates, Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2, Actinomyces howellii, Actinomyces denticolens, and Actinomyces slackii. I Dent Res 72:1374-1385.
Google Scholar
Quirynen M., Marechal M., Busscher HJ, Weerkamp AH, Arends J., Darius PL, et al. (1989). The influence of surface free-energy on planimetric plaque growth in man. J Dent Res 68:796-799.
Google Scholar
Quirynen M., Marechal M., Busscher HJ, Weerkamp AH, Darius PL, van Steenberghe D. (1990). The influence of surface free energy and surface roughness on early plaque formation. An in vivo study in man. J Clin Periodontol 17:138-144.
Google Scholar
Raj PA, Johnsson M., Levine MJ, Nancollas GH (1992). Salivary statherin. Dependence on sequence, charge, hydrogen bonding potency, and helical conformation for adsorption to hydroxyapatite and inhibition of mineralization. J Biol Chem 267:5968-5976.
Google Scholar
Ramasubbu N., Thomas LM, Bhandary KK, Levine MJ (1993). Structural characteristics of human salivary statherin: a model for boundary lubrication at the enamel surface. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 4:363-370.
Google Scholar
Resch D., Douglas W., Liljemark WF, Bloomquist C. (1993). Dynamic contact angle measurements at hard surface interfaces using the Wilhelmy technique (abstract). J Dent Res 72:383.
Google Scholar
Rosan B., Appelbaum B., Golub E., Malamud D., Mandel ID (1982a). Enhanced saliva-mediated bacterial aggregation and decreased bacterial adhesion in caries-resistant versus caries-susceptible individuals. Infect Immun 38:1056-1059.
Google Scholar
Rosan B., Malamud D., Appelbaum B., Golub E. (1982b). Characteristic differences between saliva-dependent aggregation and adhesion of streptococci. Infect Immun 35:86-90.
Google Scholar
Rosan B., Baker CT, Nelson GM, Berman R., Lamont RJ, Demuth DR (1989). Cloning and expression of an adhesin antigen of Streptococcus sanguis G9B in Escherichia coli. J Gen Microbiol 135:531-538.
Google Scholar
Rosebury T. (1962). Microorganisms indigenous to man. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Google Scholar
Rudney JD, Ji Z., Larson CJ, Liljemark WF, Hickey KL (1995). Saliva protein binding to layers of oral streptococci in vitro and in vivo. J Dent Res 74:1280-1288.
Google Scholar
Rundegren J., Arnold RR (1987a). Differentiation and interaction of secretory immunoglobulin A and a calcium-dependent parotid agglutinin for several bacterial strains. Infect Immun 55:288-292.
Google Scholar
Rundegren JL, Arnold RR (1987b). Bacteria-agglutinating characteristics of secretory IgA and a salivary agglutinin. Adv Med Biol 216(B):1005-1013.
Google Scholar
Rykke M., Rölla G. (1990a). Desorption of acquired enamel pellicle in vivo by pyrophosphate. Scand J Dent Res 98:211-214.
Google Scholar
Rykke M., Rölla G. (1990b). Effect of silicone oil on protein adsorption to hydroxyapatite in vitro and on pellicle formation in vivo. Scand J Dent Res 98:401-411.
Google Scholar
Rykke M., Rölla G. (1990c). Effect of two organic phosphonates on protein adsorption in vitro and on pellicle formation in vivo. Scand J Dent Res 98:486-496.
Google Scholar
Rykke M., Sonju T., Rölla G. (1990). Interindividual and longitudinal studies of amino acid composition of pellicle collected in vivo. Scand J Dent Res 98:129-134.
Google Scholar
Sansone C., van Houte J., Joshipura K., Kent R., Margolis HC (1993). The association of mutans streptococci and non-mutans streptococci capable of acidogenesis at a low pH with dental caries on enamel and root surfaces. J Dent Res 72:508-516.
Google Scholar
Scannapieco FA, Torres GI, Levin MJ (1995). Salivary amylase promotes adhesion of oral streptococci to hydroxyapatite. J Dent Res 74:1360-1366.
Google Scholar
Scheie AA, Eggen KH, Rölla G. (1987). Glucosyltransferase activity in human in vivo formed enamel pellicle and in whole saliva. Scand J Dent Res 95:212-215.
Google Scholar
Schilling KM, Bowen WH (1992). Glucans synthesized in situ in experimental salivary pellicle function as specific binding sites for Streptococcus mutans. Infect Immun 60:284-295.
Google Scholar
Schlesinger DH, Hay DI, Schluckebier SK, Ahern JM (1994). Primary structure of a novel human salivary acidic proline-rich protein. Peptide Res 7:242-247.
Google Scholar
Schöller M., Klein JP, Frank RM (1981). Common antigens of streptococcal and non streptococcal oral bacteria: Immunochemical studies of extracellular and cell-wall associated antigens from Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Actinomyces viscosus. Infect Immun 31:52-60.
Google Scholar
Schöller M., Klein JP, Sommer P., Frank R. (1983). Common antigens of streptococcal and non streptococcal oral bacteria: Characterizaton of wall-associated protein and comparison with extracellular protein antigen. Infect Immun 40:1186-1191
Google Scholar
Schwartz SS, Hay DI, Schluckebier SK (1992). Inhibition of calcium phosphate precipitation by human salivary statherin: structure-activity relationships. Calcif Tissue Int 50:511-517.
Google Scholar
Sharma A., Sojar HT, Lee J.-Y., Genco RJ (1993). Expression of a functional Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbrillin polypeptide in Escherichia coli: purification, physicochemical and immunochemical characterization, and binding characteristics. Infect Immun 61:3570-3573.
Google Scholar
Shimkets LJ, Dworkin M. (1981). Excreted adenosine is a cell density signal for the initiation of fruiting body formation in Myxococcus xanthus. Dev Biol 84:51-60.
Google Scholar
Skopek RJ, Liljemark WF (1994). The influence of saliva on interbacterial adherence. Oral Microbiol Immunol 9:19-24.
Google Scholar
Skopek RJ, Liljemark WF, Bloomquist CG, Rudney JD (1993). Dental plaque development on defined streptococcal surfaces. Oral Microbiol Immunol 8:16-23.
Google Scholar
Slots J., Gibbons RJ (1978). Attachment of Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. asaccharohticus to oral surfaces and its possible role in colonization of the mouth and of periodontal pockets. Infect Immun 19:254-264.
Google Scholar
Socransky SS, Haffajee AD (1992). The bacterial etiology of destructive periodontal disease: Current concepts. J Periodontol 63:322-331.
Google Scholar
Socransky SS, Manganiello SD (1971). The oral microbiota of man from birth to senility. J Periodontol 42:485-496.
Google Scholar
Sönju T., Glantz P.-O (1975). Chemical composition of salivary integuments formed in vivo on solids with some established surface characteristics. Arch Oral Biol 20:687-691.
Google Scholar
Switalski LM, Butcher WG, Caufield PC, Lantz MS (1993). Collagen mediates adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to human dentin. Infect Immun 61:4119-4125.
Google Scholar
Syed SA, Loesche WJ (1978). Bacteriology of human experimental gingivitis: effect of plaque age. Infect Immun 21:821-829.
Google Scholar
Tabak LA Bowen WH (1989). Roles of saliva (pellicle), diet, and nutrition on plaque formation. J Dent Res 68:1560-1566.
Google Scholar
Tabak LA, Levine MJ lain NK, Bryan AR, Cohen RE, Monte LD, et al. (1985). Adsorption of human salivary mucins to hydroxyapatite. Arch Oral Biol 30:423-427.
Google Scholar
Tanzer JM (1979). Essential dependence of smooth surface caries on, and augmentation of fissure caries by, sucrose and Streptococcus mutans infection. Infect Immun 25:526-531.
Google Scholar
Tanzer JM (1981). Animal models in cariology. Spec suppl Microbiol Abst. New York, NY: Information Retrieval, Inc.
Google Scholar
Tanzer JM, Freedman ML, Fitzgerald RJ (1984). Virulence of mutants defective in glucosyltransferase, dextran-mediated aggregation, or dextranase activity. In: Molecular basis of oral microbial adhesion. Mergenhagen S, Rosan B, editors. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 204-211.
Google Scholar
Theilade E. (1988). Factors controlling the microflora of the healthy mouth. In: Human microbial ecology. Hill MJ, Marsh PD, editors. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., pp. 1-56.
Google Scholar
Tokuda M., Okahashi N., Takahashi I., Nakai M., Nagaoka S., Kawagoe M., et al. (1991). Complete nucleotide sequence of the gene for a surface protein antigen of Streptococcus sobrinus. Infect Immun 59:3309-3312.
Google Scholar
Tuomanen E., Cozens R., Tosch W., Zak O., Tomasz A. (1986). The rate of killing of Escherichia coli by beta-lactam antibiotics is strictly proportional to the rate of bacterial growth. J Gen Microbiol 132:1297-1304.
Google Scholar
van der Hoeven JS, Schaeken MJM (1995). Streptococci and actinomyces inhibit regrowth of Streptococcus mutans on gnotobiotic pet molar teeth after chlorhexidine varnish treatment. Caries Res 29:159-162.
Google Scholar
van der Hoeven JS, dejong MH, Kolenbrander PE (1985). In vivo studies of microbial adherence in dental plaque. In: Molecular basis of oral microbial adhesion. Mergenhagen SE, Rosan B, editors. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 220-227.
Google Scholar
Van der Velden U., Van Winkelhoff AJ, Abbas F., De Graaff J. (1986). The habitat of periodontopathic micro-organisms. J Clin Periodontol 13:243-248.
Google Scholar
van Houte J. (1994). Role of micro-organisms in caries etiology. J Dent Res 73:672-681.
Google Scholar
van Houte J., Green DB (1974). Relationship between the concentration of bacteria in saliva and the colonization of teeth in humans. Infect Immun 9:624-630.
Google Scholar
van Houte J., Upeslacis RN (1976). Studies on the mechanism of sucrose-associated colonization of Streptococcus mutans on teeth of conventional rats. I Dent Res 55:216-222.
Google Scholar
van Houte J., Gibbons RJ, Banghart SB (1970). Adherence as a determinant of the presence of Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguis on the human tooth surface. Arch Oral Biol 15:1025-1034.
Google Scholar
van Houte J., Gibbons RJ, Pulkkinen AJ (1971). Adherence as an ecological determinant for streptococci in the human mouth. Arch Oral Biol 16:1131-1141.
Google Scholar
van Houte J., Upeslacis RN, Jordan HV, Skobe Z., Green DB (1976). Role of sucrose in colonization of Streptococcus mutans in conventional Sprague-Dawley rats. J Dent Res 55:202-215.
Google Scholar
van Houte J., Russo J., Prostak KS (1989). Increased pHlowering ability of Streptococcus mutans cell masses associated with extracellular glucan-rich matrix material and the mechanisms involved. J Dent Res 68:451-459.
Google Scholar
van Houte J., Sansone C., Joshipura K., Kent R. ( 1991). In vitro acidogenic potential and mutans streptococci of human smooth-surface plaque associated with initial caries lesions and sound enamel. J Dent Res 70:1497-1502.
Google Scholar
van Houte J., Lopman J., Kent R. ( 1994). The predominant cultivable flora of sound and carious human root surfaces. J Dent Res 73:1727-1734.
Google Scholar
van Steenbergen TJM, Petit MDA, Scholte LHM, van der Velden U., de Graaff J. ( 1993). Transmission of Porphyromonas gingivalis between spouses. J Clin Periodontol 20:340-345.
Google Scholar
Van Winkelhoff AJ, Van der Velden U., Winkel EG, de Graaff J. (1986). Black-pigmented Bacteroides and motile organisms on oral mucosal surfaces in individuals with and without periodontal breakdown. J Periodont Res 21:434-439.
Google Scholar
Van Winkelhoff AJ Van der Velden U., Clement M., DeGraaff J. (1988). Intra-oral distribution of black-pigmented Bacteroides species in periodontitis patients. Oral Microbiol Immunol 3:83-85.
Google Scholar
Vassilakos N., Rundegren J., Arnebrant T., Glantz P.-O (1992). Adsorption from salivary fractions at solid/liquid and air/liquid interfaces. Arch Oral Biol 37:549-557.
Google Scholar
Weerkamp AH, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ (1985). The surface free energy of oral streptococci after being coated with saliva and its relation to adhesion in the mouth. J Dent Res 64:1204-1210.
Google Scholar
Weerkamp AH, Uyen HM, Busscher HJ (1988). Effect of zeta potential and surface energy on bacterial adhesion to uncoated and saliva-coated human enamel and dentin. J Dent Res 67:1483-1487.
Google Scholar
Wireman JW, Dworkin M. (1975). Morphogenesis and developmental interactions in myxobacteria. Science 189:516-523.
Google Scholar
Wu-Yuan CD, Gill RE ( 1992). An 87-kilodalton glucan-binding protein of Streptococcus sobrinus B13. Infect Immun 60:5291-5293.
Google Scholar
Zickert I., Emilson CG, Krasse B. (1983). Correlation of level and duration of Streptococcus mutans infection with incidence of dental caries. Infect Immun 39:982-985.
Google Scholar
Zylber LJ, Jordan JV (1982). Development of a selective medium for detection and enumeration of Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii in dental plaque. J Clin Microbiol 15:253-259.
Google Scholar

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Volume 7, Issue 2
Pages: 180 - 198
Article first published: 1996
Issue published: 1996

Keywords

  1. Adherence
  2. colonization
  3. growth
  4. caries
  5. periodontitis.

Rights and permissions

© 1996.
Request permissions for this article.
PubMed: 8875032

Authors

Affiliations

W.F. Liljemark
Department of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0329
View all articles by this author
C. Bloomquist
Department of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0329
View all articles by this author

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 2318

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016

Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 153 view articles Opens in new tab

Crossref: 181

  1. Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence-Based Photographic Detection of Gi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  2. Microbiological status at intake in relation to clinical periodontal s...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  3. The key players of dysbiosis in Noma disease; A systematic review of e...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  4. Infections of the Oral Cavity
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  5. Change in Microflora from Birth to Dentate State and its Effect on Den...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  6. Engineering peptide-polymer hybrids for targeted repair and protection...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  7. Strategies for dispersion of cariogenic biofilms: applications and mec...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  8. Anti-Caries Effect of a Mouthwash Containing Sambucus williamsii var. ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  9. Modulating the Mechanochemistry of Peptide-Polymer Hybrids for Precisi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  10. Effect of epigallocatechin gallate on dental biofilm of Streptococcus ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  11. Study on efficacy of commercially available mouth wash
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  12. In Vitro Evaluation of a New Combination of Three Antibiotic Paste Aga...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  13. Oral probiotic and its delivery carriers to improve oral health: A rev...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  14. Preventive Applications of Polyphenols in Dentistry—A Review
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  15. Automatic Site-Specific Multiple Level Gum Disease Detection Based on ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  16. Association of Salivary Statherin, Calcium, and Proline-Rich Proteins ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  17. Evidence for Proline Utilization by Oral Bacterial Biofilms Grown in S...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  18. Evaluation of Risk Factors in Caries Formation in Children
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  19. Proteolytic Activity of Bacillus subtilis upon κ-Casein Undermines Its...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  20. Nanotechnology in Dental Therapy and Oral Tissue Regeneration
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  21. Dominant microbial associations of oral cavat periodontitis and featur...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  22. Inhibitory effects of fermented soybean tempeh on the anti-adhesive pr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  23. In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial property of silver nanoparticles ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  24. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Role of Liquiritigenin and Isoliquir...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  25. Decision Tree Approach to the Impact of Parents’ Oral Health on Dental...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  26. Artificial neural network approach to predict surgical site infection ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  27. Infections of the Oral Cavity
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  28. Surface Coating of Gypsum‐Based Molds for Maxillofacial Prosthetic Sil...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  29. Distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis within the dental arches
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  30. Distinctive microbiomes and metabolites linked with weight loss after ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  31. Effectiveness of non-fluoride and fluoride dentifrices for denture hyg...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  32. Antibacterial Inhibitory Effects of Punica Granatum Gel on Cariogenic ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  33. Streptococcal adhesin SspA/B analogue peptide inhibits adherence and i...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  34. Screening for antibacterial and antibiofilm activity in Thai medicinal...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  35. In silico identification of potential inhibitors targeting Streptococc...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  36. Salivary Diagnostics—Point-of-Care diagnostics of MMP-8 in dentistry a...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  37. Effects of bittern water on cariogenic bacteria and saliva secretion
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  38. Automation of antimicrobial activity screening
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  39. Effectiveness of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate on ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  40. Photo Inactivation of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm by Violet-Blue ligh...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  41. Effects of surface reaction-type pre-reacted glass ionomer on oral bio...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  42. Quorum sensing activity of Citrobacter amalonaticus L8A, a bacterium i...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  43. Dental Chatter: Bacterial Cross‐Talk in the Biofilm of the Oral Cavity
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  44. Salivary biomarkers for dental caries
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  45. Spectroscopic and microscopic investigation of the effects of bacteria...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  46. Experimental Models of Oral Biofilms Developed on Inert Substrates: A ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  47. Streptococcal SspB Peptide Analog Inhibits Saliva-Promoted Adhesion an...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  48. Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Dentistry: Analysis of Tooth Str...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  49. Reduction of bacterial adhesion on dental composite resins by silicon–...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  50. Correlation of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis coloni...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  51. Detection of Bacterial Species in Chronic Periodontitis Tissues at Dif...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  52. The oral pathological conditions of the Broken Hill (Kabwe) 1 cranium
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  53. The oral microbiome and the immunobiology of periodontal disease and c...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  54. Investigation of probiotic bacteria as dental caries and periodontal d...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  55. In-office bleaching gel with 35% hydrogen peroxide enhanced biofilm fo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  56. An investigation of the effect of scaling-induced surface roughness on...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  57. Strategies to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Acute Care Ho...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  58. A comparative study of the effect of probiotics on cariogenic biofilm ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  59. Reducing the bioactivity of Tannerella forsythia lipopolysaccharide by...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  60. Biocultural implications of oral pathology in an ancient Central Calif...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  61. Antimicrobial Effect of Honey on Streptococcus Mutans of Dental Plaque
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  62. Adhesins, Receptors, and Target Substrata Involved in the Adhesion of ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  63. Dental Plaque
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  64. Preventive effects of an original combination of grape seed polyphenol...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  65. Antibacterial property expressed by a novel calcium phosphate glass
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  66. Composition and development of oral bacterial communities
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  67. The Epidemiology of Alcohol Abuse and Pneumonia
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  68. Mucin can enhance growth, biofilm formation, and survival of ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  69. Rapid and Sensitive PCR-Dipstick DNA Chromatography for Multiplex Anal...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  70. Reactive Oxygen Species and Dental Health
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  71. Surgical Site Infections Among High-Risk Patients in Clean-Contaminate...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  72. Investigation of the Effect of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Subgingival...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  73. Metagenomic analysis of the canine oral cavity as revealed by high-thr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  74. Anti-caries DNA vaccine-induced secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  75. 16 Orale biofilms
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  76. MicrobPad MD: Microbial pathogen diagnostic methods database
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  77. Bio-tribocorrosion in dental applications
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  78. Quantitative analysis of periodontal pathogens present in the saliva o...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  79. Head and Neck Carcinogenesis a Product of Complex Evolutionary Forces
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  80. Structural Identification of O-Linked Oligosaccharides Using Exoglycos...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  81. Five questions about Streptococcus mutans: Theoretical study of its tr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  82. Dietary sugar utilisation by putative oral probiotics
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  83. Streptococci–Human Papilloma Virus Interaction With Ethanol Exposure L...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  84. Function of the Pyruvate Oxidase-Lactate Oxidase Cascade in Interspeci...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  85. Coffee melanoidins: structures, mechanisms of formation and potential ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  86. Poly-Microbial Interaction with Human Papilloma Virus Leading to Incre...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  87. Community‐based interference against integration of Pseu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  88. Comparison of the antimicrobial activity of Listerine and Corsodyl on ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  89. Comparative Evaluation of Two Structurally Related Flavonoids, Isoliqu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  90. Antagonistic, Synergistic, and Counteroffensive Strategies for Strepto...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  91. Oral colonization by Streptococcus mutans and its association with the...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  92. In vitro Biocompatibility of New Silver(I) Coordination Compound Coate...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  93. Natural and Synthetic Small Boron-Containing Molecules as Potential In...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  94. The antimicrobial efficacy of Fructus mume extract on orthodontic brac...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  95. Inhibitory Activity by Barley Coffee Components Towards Streptococcus ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  96. Characterization of the Streptococcus sobrinus acid-stress response by...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  97. Effect of different finishing techniques for restorative materials on ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  98. Keeping the bad bacteria in check: interactions of the host immune sys...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  99. Inhibitory Effects of Low-Energy Pulsed Ultrasonic Stimulation on Cell...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  100. Antibacterial effects of 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin containing chlorhexidine
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  101. Influence of mouse prolactin‐inducible protein in saliva on the aggreg...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  102. Studying bacterial infections through culture-independent approaches
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  103. Human Toll-like receptor 4 responses to P. gingivalis ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  104. Phytochemicals of Cranberries and Cranberry Products: Characterization...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  105. Poisson Analysis of Streptococcal Bond-strengthening on Saliva-coated ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  106. Bacterial and Host Interactions of Oral Streptococci
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  107. Novel effect of plant lectins on the inhibition of Strep...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  108. Analysis of supra- and subgingival long-term biofilm formation on orth...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  109. DNA-microarrays identification of Streptococcus mutans genes associate...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  110. Short-term relative antibacterial effect of octenidine dihydrochloride...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  111. In vitro anti-bacterial and anti-adherence effects of na...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  112. Surface properties of dental polymers: measurements of contact angles,...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  113. Potential Oral Health Benefits of Cranberry
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  114. Genetic and Physiological Effects of Noncoherent Visible Light Combine...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  115. Phytotherapeutic inhibition of supragingival dental plaque
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  116. Silver coordination compounds as light-stable, nano-structured and ant...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  117. A Review of the Salivary Proteome and Peptidome and Saliva-derived Pep...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  118. Orale biofilmmodeller – nye muligheter for plakkstudier
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  119. Reduction of Streptococcus mutans Adherenc...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  120. Odontogenic Infections
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  121. Differential gene expression profiling of Streptococcus mutans culture...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  122. A simulated oral hygiene model to determine the efficacy of repeated e...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  123. Saliva-Promoted Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans MT8148 Associates wit...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  124. Dairy products and oral health
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  125. Acyl-Substituted Dermaseptin S4 Derivatives with Improved Bactericidal...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  126. Effect of coating the wells of a polystyrene microtiter plate with xan...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  127. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in plaque on a leucite-reinforced...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  128. Differential expression profiles of Streptococcus mutans ftf, gtf and ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  129. Sustained‐release delivery systems of triclosan for treatment of ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  130. In vitro binding interactions of oral bacteria with immobilized fructo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  131. Streptococcus gordonii utilizes several distinct gene fu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  132. Reduction of saliva-promoted adhesion of Streptococcus m...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  133. Statherin and Histatin 1 Reduce Parotid Saliva-Promoted Streptococcus ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  134. Antimicrobial effects and human gingival biocompatibility of hydroxyap...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  135. Evaluation of oxazaborolidine activity on Streptococcus mutans biofilm...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  136. Peptide pheromone induced cell death of Streptococcus mu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  137. Activity of amine oxide against biofilms of Streptococcus mutans: a po...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  138. Host Response to Biofilms
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  139. Characterization of Actinomyces species isolated from failed dental im...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  140. The surface free energy of dental gold-based materials
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  141. Cranberry high molecular weight constituents promote Streptococcus sob...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  142. Effect of carbohydrates on fructosyltransferase expression and distrib...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  143. Initial biofilm formation of Streptococcus sobrinus ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  144. Synthesis and Evaluation of Oxazaborolidines for Antibacterial Activit...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  145. Bioactive Properties of Milk Proteins with Particular Focus on Anticar...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  146. Streptococcus mutans fructosyltransferase interactions w...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  147. In vitro streptococcal adherence on prosthetic and impla...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  148. Influence of dental biofilm on release of mercury from amalgam exposed...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  149. Bacteria‐binding plasma proteins in pellicles formed on hydroxyapatite...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  150. Stress as a Determinant of Saliva-Mediated Adherence and Coadherence o...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  151. Physical parameters of hydroxyapatite adsorption and effect on candida...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  152. The effect of increasing copper content in phosphate-based glasses on ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  153. Non-invasive electrochemical hand-held biosensor as diagnostic indicat...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  154. Action of Chlorhexidine Digluconate against Yeast and Filamentous Form...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  155. Effects of various antiplaque agents on fructosyltransferase activity ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  156. Functional Domain of Bovine Milk Lactoferrin Which Inhibits the Adhere...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  157. Genetic characterization of the oral Actinomyces
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  158. A Mixed-bacteria Ecological Approach to Understandin...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med
  159. Early formation of Streptococcus sobrinus biofilm on various dental re...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  160. Regulation of the gtfBC and ftf genes of Streptococcus mutans in biofi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  161. Selection of oral microbial adhesion antagonists using biotinylated St...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  162. The role of fructans on dental biofilm formation by Stre...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  163. Salivary Film Expresses a Complex, Macromolecular Binding Site for Str...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  164. A sensitive method to detect initiation of growth in Streptococcus gor...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  165. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  166. Automatic enumeration of adherent streptococci or actinomyces on denta...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  167. The effect of extracellular polysaccharides from Streptococcus mutans ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  168. The effect of parabens in a mouthwash and incorporated into a sustaine...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  169. Current status of taxonomic groups of oral streptococci in endocarditi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  170. Current status of a mucosal vaccine against dental caries
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  171. [33] Physiologic homeostasis and stress responses in oral biofilms
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  172. Effect of salivary biofilm on the adherence of oral bacteria to bleach...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  173. Flow cytometric analysis of growth of two Streptococcus gordonii deriv...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  174. Bacterial adherence to bleached surfaces of composite resin in vitro
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  175. Accumulation of Streptococcus mutans on Light‐Cured Composites and Ama...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  176. Bacterial interactions in periodontal diseases
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  177. Virulence Factors of Oral Treponemes
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  178. Interactions bactériennes: rôle déterminant lors des maladies parodont...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  179. In Vitro Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity of a Local Sustained...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  180. Hydroxyapatite adherence as a means to concentrate bacteria
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  181. Growth Dynamics in a Natural Biofilm and Its Impact on Oral Disease Ma...
    Go to citation Crossref Google ScholarPub Med

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:

Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Subscribe to this journal

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

Start 2 week free trial
Need help?
Download PDF

Also from Sage