Abstract
This article examines the relevance of humor to student engagement in outdoor education. A sociocultural framework is applied to this examination, based on a view of learning as constructed, cognitive, embodied, and affective. A set of affordances of outdoor education as a contextually situated learning activity is identified along with related abilities of adolescent students to interact with these characteristics. The argument, advanced through an examination of the literature, is that outdoor education provides teaching and learning affordances that are different from traditional school-based education, and the ability of students to engage with these affordances is influenced by a range of affective factors. Furthermore, humor acts as an influential variable in learning environments, thus providing a trigger for increasing students’ emotional engagement with the immediate task or topic. The primary proposition is that a capacity to knowingly perceive and productively engage with humorous moments can provide a pedagogical trigger for the emotional engagement of participants. In particular, we outline how humor is likely to influence student–student, student–teacher, and individual–context learning-related interactions.
|
Banas, J. A., Dunbar, N., Rodriguez, D., Liu, S. (2011). A review of humor in educational settings: Four decades of research. Communication Education, 60, 114-144. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Barsalou, L. (2008). Ground cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617-645. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bransford, J., Darling-Hammond, L., Le Page, P. (2005). Introduction. In Darling-Hammond, L., Bransford, J. (Eds.), Preparing teachers for a changing world: What teachers should learn and be able to do (pp. 1-37). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Bransford, J., Derry, S., Berliner, D., Hammerness, K. (2005). Theories of learning and their roles in teaching. In Darling-Hammond, L., Bransford, J. (Eds.), Preparing teachers for a changing world: What teachers should learn and be able to do (pp. 38-87).San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Brookes, A. (2002). Lost in the Australian bush: Outdoor education as curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 34, 405-425. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Brookes, A. (2004). Astride a long-dead horse. Mainstream outdoor education theory and the central curriculum problem. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 8(2), 22-33. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Brown, M. (2008). Comfort zone: Model or metaphor? Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 12(1), 3-12. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Brown, M. (2009). Reconceptualising outdoor adventure education: Activity in search of an appropriate theory. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 13(2), 3-13. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bryant, J., Crane, J. S., Comisky, P. W., Zillman, D. (1980). Relationship between college teachers’ use of humor in the classroom and students’ evaluation of their teachers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 511-519. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bucknell, C., Mannion, A. (2006). An outdoor education body of knowledge. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 10(1), 39-45. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cole, M., Wertsch, J. V. (1996). Beyond the individual-social antinomy in discussions of Piaget and Vygotsky. Human Development, 39, 250-256. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Deed, C. (2008). Bending the school rules to re-engage students: Implications for improving teacher practice. Improving Schools, 11, 205-212. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Deed, C. (2011). Accessing students’ reasoning for disengagement. International Journal on School Disaffection, 8(2), 24-28. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dillon, J., Rickinson, M., Teamey, K., Morris, M., Young Choi, M., Sanders, D. (2006). The value of outdoor learning: Evidence from research in the UK and elsewhere. School Science Review, 87, 107-111. Google Scholar | |
|
Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350-383. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Foster, A., Linney, G. (2007). Reconnecting children through outdoor education. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: The Council of Outdoor Educators. Google Scholar | |
|
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74, 59-109. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Frisby, B. N., Martin, M. M. (2010). Instructor-student and student-student rapport in the classroom. Communication Education, 59, 146-164. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Garner, R. L. (2006). Humor in pedagogy: How ha-ha can lead to aha! College Teaching, 54, 177-180. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gibson, J. J. (1977). The theory of affordances. In Shaw, R. E., Bransford, J. (Eds.), Perceiving, acting and knowing (pp. 67-82). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Goetz, T., Frenzel, A. C., Ludtke, O., Call, N. C. (2011). Between-domain relations of academic emotions: Does having the same instructor make a difference? Journal of Experimental Education, 79, 84-101. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Goldstein, J. H. (1972). The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (Goldstein, J. H., McGhee, P. E., Eds.). New York, NY: Academic Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Goleman, D. (2003). Destructive emotions and how we can overcome them. London, England: Bloomsbury. Google Scholar | |
|
Greeno, J. (1994). Gibson’s affordances. Psychological Review, 101, 336-342. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Greeno, J. (2009). A framework bite on contextualizing, framing, and positioning: A companion to Son and Goldstone. Cognition and Instruction, 27, 269-275. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Haskell, J. (1999). Ecological journey: An enactive view of the nature of experience. Journal of Experiential Education, 22, 154-161. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Higgins, P. (2001). Why educate out of doors? In Nilsson, A. (Ed.), Outdoor education: Authentic learning in the context of landscapes (Vol. 1, pp. 19-25). Kisa, Sweden: Kinda Kunskapscentrum. Google Scholar | |
|
Higgins, P. (2009). Into the big wide world. Journal of Experiential Education, 32, 44-60. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Hovelynck, J., Peeters, L. (2003). Laughter, smiles and grins: The role of humor in learning and facilitating. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 3, 171-183. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Itin, C. M. (1999). Reasserting the philosophy of experiential education as a vehicle for change in the 21st century. Journal of Experiential Education, 22, 91-98. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Klem, A., Connell, J. (2004). Relationships matter: Linking teacher support to student engagement and achievement. Journal of School Health, 74, 262-273. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lugg, A. (1999). Directions in outdoor education curriculum. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 4(1), 25-32. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lugg, A. (2012). Navigating through new terrain: Pre-service teachers’ journeys in teaching “sustainability.” In Robertson, M. (Ed.), Schooling for sustainable development: A focus on Australia, New Zealand, and the Oceanic region (pp. 101-124). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Martin, P. (1999). Critical outdoor education and nature as friend. In Miles, J. C., Priest, S. (Eds.), Adventure programming (pp. 463-470). State College, PA: Venture. Google Scholar | |
|
Martin, P. (2005). Human to nature relationships through outdoor education. In Dickson, T., Gray, T., Hallyar, B. (Eds.), Outdoor and experiential learning: Views from the top (pp. 28-52). Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University. Google Scholar | |
|
Martin, R. A. (2007). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. London, England: Elsevier. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507-536. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Meeus, W., Mahiea, P. (2009). You can see the funny side, can’t you? Pupil humor with the teacher as target. Educational Studies, 35, 553-560. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Moje, E. B. (1996). “I teach students, not subjects”: Teacher-student relationships as contexts for secondary literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 31, 172-195. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nicol, R. (2002). Outdoor education: Research topic or universal value? Part two. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 2, 85-100. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Nicol, R. (2003). Outdoor education: Research topic or universal value? Part three. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 3, 11-26. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Op’t Eynde, P., Turner, J. E. (2006). Focusing on the complexity of emotion issues in academic learning: A dynamical component systems approach. Education Psychology Review, 18, 361-376. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Payne, P. (2002). On the construction, deconstruction and reconstruction of experience in “critical” outdoor education. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 6(2), 4-21. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Putnam, R. T., Borko, H. (2000). What do new views of knowledge and learning have to say about research on teacher learning? Educational Researcher, 29, 4-15. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Quay, J. (2003). Experience and participation: Relating theories of learning. Journal of Experiential Education, 26, 105. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Quay, J., Nicolson, M. (2007, September). Education in the out-of-doors and education about the outdoors: The dilemma of two outdoor educations. Paper presented at the 15th National Outdoor Education Conference, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. Google Scholar | |
|
Rickinson, M., Dillon, J., Teamey, K., Morris, M., Young Choi, M., Sanders, D., Benefield, P. (2004). A review of research on outdoor learning. London, England: National Foundation for Educational Research. Google Scholar | |
|
Riley, K., Ellis, S., Weinstock, W., Tarrant, J., Hallmond, S. (2006). Re-engaging disaffected pupils in learning: Insights for policy and practice. Improving Schools, 9, 17-31. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Rothwell, E., Siharath, K., Bell, S., Nguyen, K., Baker, C. (2011). Joking culture: The role of repeated humorous interactions on group processes during challenge course experiences. Journal of Experiential Education, 33, 338-353. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Schmidt, S. (1994). Effects of humor on sentence memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 953-967. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Seaman, J. (2008). Experience, reflect, critique: The end of the “learning cycles” era. Journal of Experiential Education, 31, 3-18. Google Scholar | Abstract | |
|
Shooter, W., Paisley, K., Sibthorp, J. (2010). Trust development in outdoor leadership. Journal of Experiential Education, 33, 189-207. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Smith, E. F., Steel, G., Gidlow, B. (2010). The temporary community: Student experiences of school-based outdoor education programmes. Journal of Experiential Education, 33, 136-150. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Thomas, G. (2010). Facilitator, teacher or leader? Managing conflicting roles in outdoor education. Journal of Experiential Education, 32, 239-252. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Van Rooy, D. L., Viswesvaran, C. (2004). Emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 71-79. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wattchow, B. (2004). Lived-experience in outdoor education: Explorations for the educational practitioner/researcher. Paper presented at the Connections and Disconnections: International Outdoor Education Research Conference, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia. Google Scholar | |
|
Wattchow, B., Brown, M. (2011). A pedagogy of place: Outdoor education for a changing world. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Monash University. Google Scholar | |
|
Woods, P. (1983). Coping at school through humor. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 4, 111-124. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ziv, A. (1983). The influence of humorous atmosphere on divergent thinking. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8, 68-75. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Author Biographies
Colin Hoad is an associate lecturer in outdoor and environmental education in the Faculty of Education at La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia.
Craig Deed, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the Faculty of Education at La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia.
Alison Lugg is a lecturer in the Faculty of Education at La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia.

