![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Experiential settings hold great potential for empowering participants. Beginning with an overview of how empowerment has been defined and conceptualized in the literature, this article examines the construct of empowerment in experiential education settings as a process and an outcome. A summary of how empowerment has been applied and measured in experiential settings is described through a review of the research in this area. This article concludes with recommendations and implications for researchers and practitioners in the field of experiential education who seek to understand ways in which programs can facilitate and foster the development of empowerment.
Keywords empowerment, experiential education, outdoor education
References
Section:
|
Alsop, R., Heinsohn, N. (2005, February). Measuring empowerment in practice: Structuring analysis and framing indicators (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3510). http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEMPOWERMENT/Resources/41307_wps3510.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Andrews, K. (1999). The wilderness expedition as a rite of passage: Meaning and process in experiential education. Journal of Experiential Education, 22, 35-43. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Angell, J. (1994). The wilderness solo: An empowering growth experience for women. Women & Therapy, 15(3-4) 85-99. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Argyris, C. (1998). Empowerment: The emperor’s new clothes. Harvard Business Review, 76(3), 98-105. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI | |
|
Association for Experiential Education . (2013). What is experiential education? Retrieved from http://www.aee.org/about/whatIsEE Google Scholar | |
|
Autry, C. E. (2001). Adventure therapy with girls at-risk: Responses to outdoor experiential activities. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 35(4), 289-306. Google Scholar | |
|
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Cattaneo, L. B., Chapman, A. R. (2010). The process of empowerment: A model for use in research and practice. American Psychologist, 65, 646-659. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Chamberlin, J. (1997). A working definition of empowerment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 20(4), 43-46. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York, NY: Kappa Delta Pi. Google Scholar | |
|
Diener, E., Biswas-Diener, R. (2005). Psychological empowerment and subjective well-being. In Narayan, D. (Ed.), Measuring empowerment: Cross-disciplinary perspectives (pp. 125-140). Washington, DC: The World Bank. Google Scholar | |
|
Hattie, J., Marsh, H. W., Neill, J. T., Richards, G. E. (1997). Adventure education and Outward Bound: Out-of-class experiences that make a lasting difference. Review of Educational Research, 67, 43-87. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Howell, J. (1992). Adventure boosts empowerment. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 1(3), 14-16. Google Scholar | |
|
Hyde-Hills, I. (1998). It is better to learn to fish: Empowerment in adventure education. In Itin, C. (Ed.), Exploring the boundaries of adventure therapy: International perspectives. Proceedings of the International Adventure Therapy Conference (pp. 144-148.). Retrieved from ERIC database, ERIC No. ED424058. Google Scholar | |
|
Kieffer, C. H. (1984). Citizen empowerment: A developmental perspective. Prevention in Human Services, 3(2-3), 9-36. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kimball, R. O. (1991). Empowerment is not something you can give kids. Adolescent Counselor, 4(2), 24-28. Google Scholar | |
|
Koberg, C. S., Boss, R. W., Senjem, J. C., Goodman, E. A. (1999). Antecedents and outcomes of empowerment: Empirical evidence from the healthcare industry. Group and Organization Management, 24, 71-91. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
McKenzie, M. D. (2000). How are adventure education outcomes achieved? A review of the literature. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 5(1), 19-28. Google Scholar | |
|
Narayan, D. (2005). Conceptual framework and methodological challenges. In Narayan, D. (Ed.), Measuring empowerment: Cross-disciplinary perspectives (pp. 3-38.). Washington, DC: The World Bank. Google Scholar | |
|
Neill, J. T., Marsh, H. W., Richards, G. E. (2003). The life effectiveness questionnaire: Development and psychometrics (Unpublished manuscript). Sydney, Australia: University of Western Sydney. Google Scholar | |
|
Peterson, N. A., Lowe, J. B., Aquilino, M. L., Schneider, J. E. (2005). Linking social cohesion and gender to intrapersonal and interactional empowerment: Support and new implications for theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 233-244. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 121-148. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Riger, S. (1993). What’s wrong with empowerment? American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 279-292. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rissel, C., Perry, C., Finnegan, J. (1996). Toward the assessment of psychological empowerment in health promotion: Initial test of validity and reliability. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 116(4), 211-218. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Ross, S. (2003). The therapeutic effects of an adventure challenge program on the personal empowerment of women survivors of sexual trauma [Abstract]. Journal of Experiential Education, 25, 350. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Shellman, A. (2009). Empowerment and resilience: A multi-method approach to understanding processes and outcomes of adventure education program experiences (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Bloomington: Indiana University. Google Scholar | |
|
Sibthorp, J. (2003). An empirical look at Walsh and Golins’ adventure education process model: Relationships between antecedent factors, perceptions of characteristics of an adventure education experience, and changes in self-efficacy. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(1), 80-106. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sibthorp, J., Arthur-Banning, S. (2004). Developing life effectiveness through adventure education: The roles of participant expectations, perceptions of empowerment, and learning relevance. Journal of Experiential Education, 27, 32-50. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Sibthorp, J., Paisley, K., Gookin, J. (2007). Exploring participant development through adventure-based programming: A model from the National Outdoor Leadership School. Leisure Sciences, 29, 1-18. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Simoni, P. S., Larrabee, J. H., Birkhimer, T. L., Mott, C. L., Gladden, S. D. (2004). Influence of interpretive styles of stress resiliency on registered nurse empowerment. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 28, 221-224. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Sklar, S. L., Anderson, S. C., Autry, C. E. (2007). Positive youth development: A wilderness intervention. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 41(3), 223-243. Google Scholar | |
|
Sklar, S. L., Gibson, H. (2004, January). Self-determination and the adventure experience: A study of female adolescents. Paper presented at the Coalition for Education in the Outdoors Research Symposium, Martinsville, IN. Google Scholar | |
|
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1442-1465. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Spreitzer, G. M. (2007). Toward the integration of two perspectives: A review of social-structural and psychological empowerment at work. In Cooper, C., Barling, J. (Eds.), The handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 54-72). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Spreitzer, G. M., Doneson, D. (2005). Musings on the past and future of employee empowerment. In Cummings, T. (Ed.), The handbook of organizational development (pp. 311-324). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Spreitzer, G. M., Mishra, A. (2000). An empirical examination of a stress-based framework of survivor responses to downsizing. In Burke, R. J., Cooper, C. (Eds.), The organization in crisis: Downsizing, restructuring, and privatization (pp. 97-118). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Google Scholar | |
|
Tough, P. (2012). How children succeed: Grit, curiosity and the hidden power of character. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Google Scholar | |
|
World Bank . (n.d.). What is empowerment? Retrieved from http://go.worldbank.org/V45HD4P100 Google Scholar | |
|
Zimmerman, M. A. (1990). Taking aim on empowerment research: On the distinction between individual and psychological conceptions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 169-177. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 581-599. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Zimmerman, M. A., Israel, B. A., Schulz, A., Checkoway, B. (1992). Further explorations in empowerment theory: An empirical analysis of psychological empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 707-727. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Zimmerman, M. A., Rappaport, J. (1988). Citizen participation, perceived control, and psychological empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 725-750. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Zimmerman, M. A., Warschausky, S. (1998). Empowerment theory for rehabilitation research: Conceptual and methodological issues. Rehabilitation Psychology, 43, 3-16. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
