Abstract
Outdoor experiential education has often been critiqued for its White, male, middle/upper-class, able-bodied history, thereby causing professionals and programs to consider issues of social justice. This state of knowledge paper will review the literature on social and environmental justice, identify gaps in current social justice literature and practice, and offer recommendations for creating a new history.
|
Adams, M., Bell, L. A., Griffin, P. (2007). Teaching for diversity and social justice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Agyeman, J. (2003). “Under-participation” and ethnocentrism in environmental education research: Developing “culturally sensitive research approaches.” Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, 8, 81-95. Google Scholar | |
|
Agyeman, J. (1989). Black people, white landscape. Town and Country Planning, 8, 12, 336-38 Google Scholar | |
|
Allison, M. (1996). The challenge of diversity: Embracing those on the fringes. Journal of Experiential Education, 19, 122-126. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Allport, G. (1979). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. (Original work published 1954) Google Scholar | |
|
Ashley, F. B. (1990). Ethnic minorities’ involvement in outdoor experiential education. In Miles, J. C., Priest, S. (Eds.), Adventure education (pp. 369-373). State College, PA: Venture Publishing. Google Scholar | |
|
Bailey, J. (1999). A world of adventure education. In Miles, J. C., Priest, S. (Eds.), Adventure programming (pp. 39-42). State College, PA: Venture Publishing. Google Scholar | |
|
Bell, M. (1996). Feminists challenging assumptions about outdoor leadership. In Warren, K. (Ed.), Women’s voices in experiential education (pp. 141-156). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt. Google Scholar | |
|
Bell, M. (1997). Gendered experience: Social theory and experiential practice. Journal of Experiential Education, 20, 143-151. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Benepe, S. (1992). Racial and ethnic diversity in wilderness use and environmental education. Lander, WY: National Outdoor Leadership School. Google Scholar | |
|
Breunig, M. (2005). Turning experiential education and critical pedagogy theory into praxis. Journal of Experiential Education, 28, 106-122. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Breunig, M. (2013). Environmental sustainability and environmental justice: From buzzwords to emancipatory pro-environmental behaviour change. Journal of Sustainability Education, 5, 232-248. Google Scholar | |
|
Bullard, R. (1993). Confronting environmental racism: Voices from the grassroots. Boston, MA: South End Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bullard, R. (2001). Environmental justice in the 21st century: Race still matters. Phylon, 49(3), 151-171. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Byrne, J., Wolch, J. (2009). Nature, race, and parks: Past research and future directions for geographic research. Progress in Human Geography, 33, 743-765. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Center for Universal Design . (2013). Universal design principles. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Chappelle, S., Bigman, L., Hillyer, F. (1998). Diversity in action. Hamilton, MA: Project Adventure. Google Scholar | |
|
Chavez, D. J. (1992). Hispanic recreationists in the wildland-urban interface. Trends, 28(4), 23-25. Google Scholar | |
|
Chavez, D. J. (2005). Latinos and public lands in California. California Recreation & Parks, 61(2), 32-35. Google Scholar | |
|
Davis-Berman, J., Berman, D. (1999). The use of adventure-based programs with at-risk youth. In Miles, J. C., Priest, S. (Eds.), Adventure programming (pp. 385-388). State College, PA: Venture Publishing. Google Scholar | |
|
Dillenschneider, C. (2007). Integrating persons with impairments and disabilities into standard outdoor adventure programs. Journal of Experiential Education, 30, 70-83. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Ewert, A., Chavez, D. J., Magill, A. W. (Eds.). (1993). Culture, conflict, and communication in the wildland-urban interface. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Finney, C. (in press). Black faces, white spaces: African Americans and the great outdoors. Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Frazer, R. (2009). Toward a theory of critical teaching for social justice in outdoor education studies: A grounded theory study of philosophical perspectives and teaching practices (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Wisconsin, Madison. Google Scholar | |
|
Freysinger, V. J., Shaw, S. M., Henderson, K. A., Bialeschki, M. D. (2013). Leisure, women, and gender. State College, PA: Venture Publishing. Google Scholar | |
|
Garvey, D., Mitten, D., Pace, S., Roberts, N. S. (2008). A history of AEE. In Warren, K., Mitten, D., Loeffler, T. A. (Eds.), Theory and practice of experiential education (pp. 93-104). Boulder, CO: Association for Experiential Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Gass, M. A., Gillis, H. L., Russell, K. C. (2012). Adventure therapy: Theory, research and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gomez, E. (2008). Race, ethnicity, recreation, and leisure: An identification of research gaps. In Chavez, D. J., Winter, P. L., Absher, J. D. (Eds.), Recreation visitor research: Studies of diversity (pp. 75-84). Riverside, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. Google Scholar | |
|
Gruenwald, D. (2003). The best of both worlds: A critical pedagogy of place. Educational Researcher, 32(4), 3-12. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Hall, M. (1992). The use in experiential education of ceremonies and rituals from Native American cultures. Journal of Experiential Education, 15(1), 51-55. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Haluza-Delay, R. (2012). Educating for environmental justice. In Stevenson, R. B., Brody, M., Dillon, J., Walls, A. E. J. (Eds.), International handbook of research in environmental education (pp. 390-399). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Havens, M. (1992). Bridges to accessibility: A primer for including persons with disabilities in adventure curricula. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt. Google Scholar | |
|
Holman, T., McAvoy, L. (2005). Transferring benefits of participation in an integrated wilderness adventure program to daily life. Journal of Experiential Education, 27, 322-325. Google Scholar | |
|
hooks, b. (2003). Teaching community: A pedagogy of hope. New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Hornibrook, T., Brinkert, E., Parry, D., Seimens, R., Mitten, D., Priest, S. (1997). The benefits and motivations of all-women outdoor programs. Journal of Experiential Education, 20, 152-158. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Johnson, C. Y. (1998). A consideration of collective memory in African American attachment to wildland recreation places. Human Ecology Review, 5(1), 5-15. Google Scholar | |
|
Jordan, D. (1990). Snips and snails and puppy dog tails—The use of gender-free language in experiential education. Journal of Experiential Education, 13(2), 45-49. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Lais, G. (2001). Accessible adventure: Leadership techniques that facilitate full participation by all. Taproot, 31, 3-10. Google Scholar | |
|
Little, D. E. (2002). Women and adventure recreation: Reconstructing leisure constraints and adventure experiences to negotiate continuing participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 34, 157-177. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Loeffler, T. A. (1996). Leading the way: Strategies that enhance women’s involvement in experiential education careers. In Warren, K. (Ed.), Women’s voices in experiential education (pp. 94-103). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt. Google Scholar | |
|
Lynch, P. (2012). Critical research produces a robust knowledge base for adventure programming. In Martin, B., Wagstaff, M. (Eds.), Controversial issues in adventure programming (pp. 309-315). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Martin, B., Cashel, C., Wagstaff, M., Breunig, M. (2006). Outdoor leadership: Theory and practice. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Martin, D. C. (2004). Apartheid in the great outdoors: American advertising and the reproduction of a racialized outdoor leisure identity. Journal of Leisure Research, 36, 513-535. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Matthews, B. (1994). Does outdoor and environmental education have a role in multicultural education? Pathways to Outdoor Communication, 4(1), 8-13. Google Scholar | |
|
McClintock, M. (1996). Lesbian baiting hurts all women. In Warren, K. (Ed.), Women’s voices in experiential education (pp. 241-250). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt. Google Scholar | |
|
McDonald, D., McAvoy, L. (1997). Native Americans and leisure: State of research and future directions. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 145-166. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McLaren, P. (2003). Life in schools: An introduction to critical pedagogy in the foundation of education. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar | |
|
Mitten, D. (1985). A philosophical basis for a women’s outdoor adventure program. Journal of Experiential Education, 8(2), 20-24. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Mitten, D. (1989). Healthy expressions of diversity lead to positive group experiences. Journal of Experiential Education, 12(3), 17-22. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Mitten, D. (2012). Transgender and gender-nonconforming participation in outdoor adventure programming: Let’s go mainstream. In Martin, B., Wagstaff, M. (Eds.), Controversial issues in adventure programming (pp. 235-240). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Mitten, D., Warren, K., Lotz, E., d’Amore, C. (2012). The hidden curriculum in adventure education: A Delphi study. In Ewert, A., Taniguchi, S. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2012 symposium on experiential education research (pp. 37-40). Madison, WI: AEE. Google Scholar | |
|
Mohai, P., Pellow, P., Roberts, T. (2009). Environmental justice. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34, 405-430. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Newberry, L. (2003). Will any/body carry that canoe? A geography of the body, ability, and gender. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, 8, 204-216. Google Scholar | |
|
Noe, F. P., Snow, R. (1990). Hispanic cultural influence on environmental concern. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21(2), 27-34. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Oles, G. W. (1992). “Borrowing” activities from another culture: A Native American’s perspective. Journal of Experiential Education, 15(3), 20-22. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Proudman, S. (1999). Urban adventure in 1989 and reflections 10 years after. In Miles, J. C., Priest, S. (Eds.), Adventure programming (pp. 331-339). State College, PA: Venture Publishing. Google Scholar | |
|
Rasberry, G. (1991). Learning to cross the street: A male perspective on feminist theory. Journal of Experiential Education, 14(3), 6-11. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Reisch, M. (2010). Defining social justice in a socially unjust world. In Bierkenmaier, J. M., Cruce, A., Curley, J., Burkemper, E., Wilson, R. J., Stretch, J. J. (Eds.), Educating for social justice: Transformative experiential learning (pp. 11-28). Chicago, IL: Lyceum Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Roberts, N. S. (1996). NAALA in experiential education: Beyond participation. Journal of Experiential Education, 19, 117-118. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Roberts, N. S. (2008). Use of public lands and open space for recreation: Connecting with diverse communities. In Newsom, D., Gentry, B. (Eds.), Proceedings from the broadening the base through open space: Addressing demographic trends by saving land and serving people (pp. 93-105). Asilomar, CA: Yale Conservation Strategies Workshop. Google Scholar | |
|
Roberts, N. S. (2013). Mixed race or mixed up? Making progress and breaking down barriers. In Dustin, D., Schwab, K. (Eds.), Just leisure: Addressing social and environmental justice in parks, recreation and tourism (pp. 27-34). Urbana, IL: Sagamore. Google Scholar | |
|
Roberts, N. S., Chitewere, T. (2011). Speaking of justice: Exploring ethnic minority perspectives of the golden gate national recreation area. Environmental Practice, 13(4), 1-16. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Roberts, N. S., Drogin, E. B. (1993). The outdoor recreation experience: Factors affecting participation of African American women. Journal of Experiential Education, 16, 14-18. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Roberts, N. S., Rodriguez, D. R. (1999). Multicultural issues in outdoor education. Charleston, WV: ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools Appalachia Educational Laboratory. Ed 1.331/2:edo-rc-99-6. Google Scholar | |
|
Rodriguez, D. A., Roberts, N. S. (2005). Understanding the influence of gender and ethnicity on evaluations of outdoor leader effectiveness. World Leisure, 47(1), 32-44. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rose, J., Paisley, K. (2012). White privilege in experiential education: A critical reflection. Leisure Sciences, 34, 136-154. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Running Grass . (1996). The four streams of multicultural environmental education. Race, Poverty, & the Environment, 2(3), 1-2. Google Scholar | |
|
Russell, C., Sarick, T., Kennelly, J. (2003). Queering outdoor education. Pathways: The Ontario Journal of Outdoor Education, 15(1), 16-19. Google Scholar | |
|
Schleien, S. J., McAvoy, L. H., Lais, G. J., Rynders, J. E. (1993). Integrated outdoor education and adventure programming. Champaign, IL: Sagamore. Google Scholar | |
|
Seaman, J., Beightol, J., Shirilla, P., Crawford, B. (2010). Contact theory as a framework for experiential activities as diversity education: An exploratory study. Journal of Experiential Education, 32, 207-225. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Shinew, K. J., Floyd, M. F., McGuire, F. A., Noe, F. P. (1995). Gender, race, and subjective social class and their association with leisure preferences. Leisure Sciences, 17, 75-89. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Shooter, W., Sibthorp, J., Paisley, K. (2009). Outdoor leadership skills: A program perspective. Journal of Experiential Education, 32, 1-13. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Sikorcin, I. (2003). Exploring social class in outdoor environmental education. Pathways: The Ontario Journal of Outdoor Education, 15(1), 20-23. Google Scholar | |
|
Sugerman, D. (1999). Programming adventure for older adults. In Miles, J. C., Priest, S. (Eds.), Adventure programming (pp. 385-388). State College, PA: Venture Publishing. Google Scholar | |
|
Taylor, D. E. (1989). Blacks and the environment: Toward an explanation of the concern and action gap between blacks and whites. Environment and Behavior, 21, 175-205. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Taylor, D. E. (2002). Race, class, gender, and American environmentalism (USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-534, p. 51). Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Warren, K. (Ed.). (1996). Women’s voices in experiential education. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt. Google Scholar | |
|
Warren, K. (1998). A call for race, gender, and class sensitive facilitation in outdoor experiential education. Journal of Experiential Education, 21, 21-25. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Warren, K. (2002). Preparing the next generation: Social justice in outdoor leadership education and training. Journal of Experiential Education, 25, 231-238. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Warren, K. (2005). A path worth taking: The development of social justice in outdoor experiential education. Equity & Excellence in Education, 38, 89-99. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Warren, K. (2012). Paradigms of outdoor adventure and social justice. In Martin, B., Wagstaff, M. (Eds.), Controversial issues in adventure programming (pp. 120-125). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Warren, K., Loeffler, T. A. (2006). Factors that influence women’s technical skill development in outdoor adventure. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 6, 107-120. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Washburne, R. (1978). Black under-participation in wildland recreation: Alternative explanations. Leisure Sciences, 1, 175-189. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Washington, S. J., Roberts, N. S. (1999). Adventure education for teaching cross-cultural competencies. In Miles, J. C., Priest, S. (Eds.), Adventure programming (pp. 359-364). State College, PA: Venture Publishing. Google Scholar | |
|
Whittington, A., Mack, E. (2010). Inspiring courage in girls: An evaluation of practices and outcomes. Journal of Experiential Education, 33, 166-180. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Wilson, J., Lewis, S. (2012). Transgender-specific programming: An oasis in the storm. In Martin, B., Wagstaff, M. (Eds.), Controversial issues in adventure programming (pp. 229-234). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Winter, P. L., Jeong, W. C., Godbey, G. C. (2004). Outdoor recreation among Asian Americans: A case study of San Francisco bay area residents. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 22(3), 114-136. Google Scholar | |
|
Zeller, J., Doyle, R., Snodgrass, K. (2006). Accessibility guidebook for outdoor recreation and trails. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center. Google Scholar |

