In pursuing a refined Learning Styles Inventory (LSI), Kolb has moved away from the original cyclical nature of his model of experiential learning. Kolb’s model has not adapted to current research and has failed to increase understanding of learning. A critical examination of Kolb’s experiential learning theory in terms of epistemology, educational neuroscience, and model analysis reveals the need for an experiential learning theory that addresses these issues. This article re-conceptualizes experiential learning by building from cognitive neuroscience, Dynamic Skill Theory, and effective experiential education practices into a self-adjusting fractal-like cycle that we call Co-Constructed Developmental Teaching Theory (CDTT). CDTT is a biologically driven model of teaching. It is a cohesive framework of ideas that have been presented before but not linked in a coherent manner to the biology of the learning process. In addition, it orders the steps in a neurobiologically supported sequence. CDTT opens new avenues of research utilizing evidenced-based teaching practices and provides a basis for a new conversation. However, thorough testing remains.

Akella, D. (2010). Learning together: Kolb’s experiential theory and its application. Journal of Management & Organization, 16, 100-112.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews, 4, 829-839.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Beard, C., Wilson, J. P., McCarter, R. (2007). Toward a theory of e-learning: Experiential e-learning. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism, 6(2), 3-15.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Bergsteiner, H., Avery, G. C., Neumann, R. (2010). Kolb’s experiential learning model: Critique from a modelling perspective. Studies in Continuing Education, 32, 29-46.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Borton, T. (1970). Reach, touch, and teach: Student concerns and process education. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Google Scholar
Boud, D., Keogh, R., Walker, D. (1985). Reflection: Turning experiences into learning. London, England: Kogan Page.
Google Scholar
Bruer, J. T. (1997). Education and the brain: A bridge too far. Educational Researcher, 26(8), 4-16.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Butler, A. C., Karpicke, J. D., Roediger, H. L.. (2008). Correcting a metacognitive error: Feedback increases retention of low-confident correct responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 34, 918-928.
Google Scholar
Charron, S., Koechlin, E. (2010). Divided representation of concurrent goals in the human frontal lobes. Science, 328, 360-363. doi:10.1126/science.1183614
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Coch, D., Fisher, K. W., Dawson, G. (Eds.). (2007). Human behavior, learning, and the developing brain: Typical development. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Google Scholar
Coffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E., Ecclestone, K. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systematic and critical review. London, England: Learning and Skills Research Centre.
Google Scholar
Cohen, J. D., Romero, R. D., Servan-Schreiber, D., Farah, M. J. (1994). Mechanisms of spatial attention: The relation of macrostructure to microstructure in parietal neglect. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, 377-387.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 163-191.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Cowan, N. (2005). Working memory capacity. New York, NY: Psychological Press.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Craik, F. I., Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 104, 268-294.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Cruickshank, J., Doenges, J. (Eds.). (2012). SROM instructor manual (5th ed.). Laramie, WY: Solid Rock Outdoor Ministries.
Google Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1978). Attention and the holistic approach to behavior. In Pope, K. S., Singer, J. L. (Eds.), The stream of consciousness (pp. 335-358). New York, NY: Plenum.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
Google Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M., Nakamura, J. (2010). Effortless attention in everyday life: A systematic phenomenology. In Bruya, B. (Ed.), Effortless attention: A new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action (pp. 179-189). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Damasio, A. (2012). Self comes to mind: Constructing the conscious brain. New York, NY: Pantheon.
Google Scholar
Deci, E., Ryan, R. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 227-268.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Dehaene, S., Posner, M. I., Tucker, D. M. (1994). Localization of a neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science, 5, 303-305.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Deporter, B., Reardon, M., Singer-Nourie, S. (1999). Quantum teaching. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Google Scholar
Dere, E., Pause, B. M., Peitrowsky, R. (2010). Emotion and episodic memory in neuropsychiatric disorders. Behavioural Brain Research, 215, 162-171.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Dewey, J. (1897). My pedagogical creed. The School Journal (Vol. LIV (3). January 16, 1987, pp. 77-80).
Google Scholar
Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040-1048.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Dweck, C. S. (2008). Can personality be changed? The role of beliefs in personality and change. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 391-394.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Dweck, C. S., Leggett, E. (1988). A social cognition approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Dweck, C. S., Master, A. (2009). Self-theories and motivation; Students’ beliefs about intelligence. In Wenzel, K. R., Wigfield, A. (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 123-140). New York, NY: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Estes, C. A. (2004). Promoting student-centered learning in experiential education. Journal of Experiential Education, 27, 141-160.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Fenwick, T. J. (2003). Learning through experience: Troubling orthodoxies and intersecting questions. Malabar, FL: Krieger.
Google Scholar
Fischbach, G. D. (1992, September). Mind and brain. Scientific American, p. 4857.
Google Scholar | ISI
Fischer, K. W. (1980). A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychological Review, 87, 477-531.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Fischer, K. W. (2008). Dynamic cycles of cognitive and brain development: Measuring growth in mind, brain, and education. In Battro, A. M., Fischer, K. W., Lena, P. J. (Eds.), The educated brain (pp. 127-150). Cambridge, UK: Pontifical Academy of Science and the Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Fischer, K. W. (2009). Mind, brain, and education: Building a scientific groundwork for learning and teaching. International Mind, Brain, and Education, 3, 3-16.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Fischer, K. W., Bidell, T. R. (2006). Dynamic development of action and thought. In Damon, W., Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Theoretical models of human development: Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 313-399). New York, NY: John Wiley.
Google Scholar
Fischer, K. W., Rose, L. T. (2001, November). Web of skill: How students learn. Educational Leadership, pp. 6-12.
Google Scholar | ISI
Fischer, K. W., Rose, L. T., Rose, S. (2007). Growth cycles if mind and brain, analyzing developmental pathways of learning disorders. In Mind, brain and education in reading disorders (pp. 101-132). Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Fischer, K. W., Yan, Z., Stewart, J. (2002). Cognitive development in adulthood: Dynamics of variation and consideration. In Valsiner, J., Connolly, K. (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychology (pp. 491-516). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Google Scholar
Gass, M. A. (1995). Book of metaphors (Vol. 2). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt.
Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S., Ivry, R. B., Mangun, G. R. (2002). Cognitive neuroscience. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Google Scholar
Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Boston, MA: Oxford Polytechnic Further Education Unit.
Google Scholar
Goswami, U. (2006). Neuroscience and education: From research to practice? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 2-7.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Hebb, D. (1949). The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. New York, NY: John Wiley.
Google Scholar
Heron, J. (1992). Feeling and personhood: Psychology in another key. London, England: SAGE.
Google Scholar
Iliff, C. (1994). Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory: A meta-analysis (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Boston University, MA.
Google Scholar
Immordino-Yang, M. H. (2008). Smoke around the mirror neurons. Mind, Brain, and Education, 2, 67-73.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Immordino-Yang, M. H. (2011). Me, my “self” and you: Neuropsychological relations between social emotions, self awareness, and morality. Emotion Review, 3, 313-315.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Immordino-Yang, M. H., Christodoulou, J. A., Singh, V. (2012). Rest is not idleness: Implications of the brain’s default mode for human development and education. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 352-364.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Immordino-Yang, M. H., McColl, A., Damasio, H., Damasio, A. (2009). Neural correlates of admiration and compassion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 8021-8026.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Kimball, D., Holyoak, K. (2000). Transfer and expertise. In Tulving, E., Craik, F. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 109-122). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J., Clark, R. E. (2006). Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41, 75-86.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Klingberg, T. (2009). The overflowing brain: Information overload and the limits of working memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Koch, C., Laurent, G. (1999). Complexity and the nervous system. Science, 284, 96-98.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A. (2005). Learning styles and learning spaces: Enhancing experiential learning in higher education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4, 193-212.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (2006). Emotions and interpersonal relationships: Towards a person-centered conceptualization of emotions and coping. Journal of Personality, 74, 9-46.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
LeDoux, J. (1997). The emotional brain. New York, NY: Putnam.
Google Scholar
Loftus, E. F., Ketchum, K. (1994). The myth of repressed memory: False memories and allegations of sexual abuse. New York, NY: St. Martin’s.
Google Scholar
Lorenz, E. (1963). Deterministic nonperiodic flow. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 20, 130-141.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Mainzer, K. (1996). Thinking in complexity: The complex dynamics of matter, mind, and mankind. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Mareschal, D., Johnson, M. H., Sirois, S., Spratling, M. W., Thomas, M. S., Westermann, G. (2007). Neuroconstructivism (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Miettinen, R. (2000). The concept of experiential learning and John Dewey’s theory of reflective thought and action. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 19, 54-72.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Ophir, E., Nass, C., Wagner, A. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 15583-15587.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development . (2007). Understanding the brain: The birth of a science of learning-executive summary. Paris, France: Author.
Google Scholar
Parziale, J., Fischer, K. W. (1998). The practical use of skill theory in classrooms. In Sternberg, R. J., Williams, W. M. (Eds.), Intelligence, instruction, and assessment: Theory into practice (pp. 95-110). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Google Scholar
Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., Bjork, R. (2008). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9, 105-119.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Piaget, J. (2001). The psychology of intelligence. New York, NY: Routledge. (Original work published 1950)
Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., Boies, S. J. (1971). Components of attention. Psychological Review, 78, 391-408.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Priest, S., Gass, M. (1994). Frontloading with paradox & double binds in adventure education facilitation. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Leadership, 11, 8-10.
Google Scholar
Ratey, J. (2008). Spark: The revolutionary new science of exercise and the brain. New York, NY: Little, Brown.
Google Scholar
Roberts, J. W. (2002). Beyond learning by doing: The brain compatible approach. Journal for Experiential Education, 25, 281-285.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Rogers, A. (1996). Teaching adults (2nd ed.). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Google Scholar
Rohrer, D., Pashler, H. (2010). Recent research on human learning challenges conventional instructional strategies. Educational Researcher, 39, 406-412.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Rose, L. T. (2010). Educational neuroscience class lecture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Education.
Google Scholar
Rose, L. T., Fischer, K. W. (2009). Dynamic development: A neo-Piagetian approach. In Muller, U., Carpendale, J. I., Smith, L. (Eds.), Cambridge companion to Piaget (pp. 400-422). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Rose, L. T., Fischer, K. W. (in press). Dynamic Systems Theory. In Shweder, R. A. (Ed.), Chicago companion to the child. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Google Scholar
Ruble, T. L., Stout, D. E. (1993). Learning styles and end-user training: An unwarranted leap of faith. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 17, 115-117.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Sapolsky, R. (2004). Why zebra’s don’t get ulcers, New York, NY: Henry Holt.
Google Scholar
Schenck, J. (2011). Teaching and the adolescent brain: An educator’s guide. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Google Scholar
Schooler, J. (2011). Introspecting in the spirit of William James: Comment on Fox, Ericsson, and Best (2011). Psychological Bulletin, 137, 235-350.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Seaman, J. (2008). Experience, reflect, critique: The end of the “learning cycles” era. Journal of Experiential Education, 31, 3-18.
Google Scholar | Abstract
Spencer, J., Thomas, M., McClelland, J. (2009). Towards a unified theory of development. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. (2009). What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Google Scholar
Stavenga de Jong, J. A., Wierstra, R. F., Hermanussen, J. (2006). An exploration of the relationship between academic and experiential learning approaches in vocational education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 155-169.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Svinickl, M. D., Dixon, N. M. (1987). The Kolb model modified for classroom activities. College Teaching, 35, 141-146.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Sweller, J., Kirschner, P. A., Clark, R. E. (2007). Why minimally guided teaching techniques do not work: A reply to commentaries. Educational Psychologist, 42, 115-121.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Thelen, E., Smith, L. (1994). A dynamic systems approach to development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Google Scholar
Tokuhama-Espinosa, T. (2010). Mind, brain, and education science: A comprehensive guide to the new brain-based teaching. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Google Scholar
Vince, R. (1998). Behind and beyond Kolb’s learning cycle. Journal of Management Education, 22, 304-319.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar
Zull, J. (2002). The art of changing the brain: Enriching teaching by exploring the biology of learning. Sterling, VA: Stylus.
Google Scholar
View access options

My Account

Welcome
You do not have access to this content.



Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

Click the button below for the full-text content

请点击以下获取该全文

Institutional Access

does not have access to this content.

Purchase Content

24 hours online access to download content

Your Access Options


Purchase

JEE-article-ppv for $36.00