Wilderness Experience Programs (WEPs) have been shown to enhance psychological well-being for numerous populations. However, among veteran populations, these studies have historically evaluated programs that are short-term experiences, usually less than 1 week. The current research sought to evaluate a WEP for post-9/11 combat veterans engaging in a 6-month long-distance thru-hike of the Appalachian Trail. Narratives were analyzed using grounded theory qualitative data analyses, and four themes were revealed: Social Reconnection, Life-Improving Change, Inner Peace and Psychological Healing, and Processing and Reflection.

American Psychiatric Association . (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Annerstedt, M., Jönsson, P., Wallergård, M., Johansson, G., Karlson, B., Grahn, P., . . . Währborg, P. (2013). Inducing physiological stress recovery with sounds of nature in a virtual reality forest—Results from a pilot study. Physiology & Behavior, 118, 240-250.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Appalachian Trail Conservancy . (2000, February 15). About the trail. Retrieved from http://www.appalachiantrail.org/about-the-trail
Google Scholar
Brancu, M., Thompson, N. L., Beckham, J. C., Green, K. T., Calhoun, P. S., Elbogen, E. B., . . . Wagner, H. R. (2014). The impact of social support on psychological distress for US Afghanistan/Iraq era veterans with PTSD and other psychiatric diagnoses. Psychiatry Research, 217, 86-92.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Scott, T. M., Bronen, R. A., Seibyl, J. P., Southwick, S. M., . . . Innis, R. B. (1995). MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 973-98l.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748-766.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Burke, S. M., Utley, A. (2013). Climbing towards recovery: Investigating physically injured combat veterans’ psychosocial response to scaling Mt. Kilimanjaro. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35, 732-739.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Caddick, N., Smith, B. (2014). The impact of sport and physical activity on the well-being of combat veterans: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 9-18.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Carlson, J. A. (2010). Avoiding traps in member checking. Qualitative Report, 15, 1102-1113.
Google Scholar
Cotman, C. W., Berchtold, N. C. (2002). Exercise: A behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends in Neurosciences, 25, 295-301.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Cully, J. A., Tolpin, L., Henderson, L., Jimenez, D., Kunik, M. E., Petersen, L. A. (2008). Psychotherapy in the Veterans Health Administration: Missed opportunities? Psychological Services, 5, 320-331.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Davis-Berman, J., Berman, D. (2012). Reflections on a trip: Two decades later. Journal of Experiential Education, 35, 326-340.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Dustin, D., Bricker, N., Arave, J., Wall, W., Wendt, G. (2011). The promise of river running as a therapeutic medium for veterans coping with post-traumatic stress disorder. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 45, 326-340.
Google Scholar
Erbes, C. R., Curry, K. T., Leskela, J. (2009). Treatment presentation and adherence of Iraq/Afghanistan era veterans in outpatient care for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Services, 6, 175-183.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Friese, G., Hendee, J. C., Kinziger, M. (1998). The Wilderness Experience Program industry in the United States: Characteristics and dynamics. Journal of Experiential Education, 21, 40-45.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Gelkopf, M., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Bikman, M., Kravetz, S. (2013). Nature adventure rehabilitation for combat-related posttraumatic chronic stress disorder: A randomized control trial. Psychiatry Research, 209, 485-493.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Glaser, B., Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. London, England: Wiedenfeld & Nicholson.
Google Scholar
Guest, G., Bunce, A., Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18, 59-82.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Hoge, C. W. (2010). Once a warrior always a warrior: Navigating the transition from combat to home. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press.
Google Scholar
Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13-22.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Houston, P., Knabb, J. J., Welsh, R., Houskamp, B. M., Browkaw, D. (2010). Wilderness therapy as a specialized competency. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2, 52-64.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Hundt, N. E., Mott, J. M., Cully, J. A., Beason-Smith, M., Grady, R. H., Teng, E. (2014). Factors associated with low and high use of psychotherapy in veterans with PTSD. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6, 731-738.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Hyer, L., Boyd, S., Scurfield, R., Smith, D., Burke, J. (1996). Effects of outward bound experience as an adjunct to inpatient PTSD treatment of war veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52, 263-278.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Kemp, J., Bossarte, R. (2013). Suicide Data Report: 2012. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs.
Google Scholar
Lee, J., Park, B. J., Tsunetsugu, Y., Ohira, T., Kagawa, T., Miyazaki, Y. (2011). Effect of forest bathing on physiological and psychological responses in young Japanese male subjects. Public Health, 125, 93-100.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Monson, C. M., Schnurr, P. P., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Young-Xu, Y., Stevens, S. P. (2006). Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 898-907.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Mott, J. M., Hundt, N. E., Sansgiry, S., Mignogna, J., Cully, J. A. (2014). Changes in psychotherapy utilization among veterans with depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Psychiatric Services, 65, 106-112.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Neumeister, A., Corsi-Travali, S., Green, C. R. (2013). The role of BDNF-TrkB signaling in the pathogenesis of PTSD. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 6(S4), 1-6.
Google Scholar
Price, M., Gros, D. F., Strachan, M., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R. (2013). The role of social support in exposure therapy for Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans: A preliminary investigation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5, 93-100.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Ramchand, R., Tanielian, T., Fisher, M. P., Vaughan, C. A., Trail, T. E., Epley, C., . . . Ghosh-Dastidar, B. (2014). Hidden heroes: America’s military caregivers. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Rauch, S. L., van der Kolk, B. A., Fisler, R. E., Alpert, N. M., Orr, S. P., Savage, C. R., . . . Pitman, R. K. (1996). A symptom provocation study of posttraumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script-driven imagery. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 380-387.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Russell, K. C. (2001). What is wilderness therapy? Journal of Experiential Education, 24, 70-79.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Sayer, N., Noorbaloochi, S., Frazier, P., Carlson, K., Gravely, A., Murdoch, M. (2010). Reintegration problems and treatment interests among Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans receiving VA medical care. Psychiatric Services, 61, 589-597.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Schuster, D. G. (2003). Neurasthenia and a modernizing America. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 2327-2328.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Scott, C. (2012). Veterans affairs: Historical budget authority, FY 1940-FY 2012 (RS22897). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Google Scholar
Shaffer, E. V. (1983). Walking with spring: The first thru-hike of the Appalachian Trail. Harpers Ferry, WV: Appalachian Trail Conference.
Google Scholar
Shay, J. (2003). Odysseus in America: Combat trauma and the trials of homecoming. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Google Scholar
Starks, H., Trinidad, S. B. (2007). Choose your method: A comparison of phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 1372-1380.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Tanielian, T. L., Jaycox, L. (2008). Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Google Scholar
van der Kolk, B. A. (2002). Posttraumatic therapy in the age of neuroscience. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 12, 381-392.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Vogt, D., Fox, A. B., Di Leone, B. A. (2014). Mental health beliefs and their relationship with treatment seeking among US OEF/OIF veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27, 307-313.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Yamada, K., Nabeshima, T. (2003). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB signaling in memory processes. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 91, 267-270.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
View access options

My Account

Welcome
You do not have access to this content.



Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

Click the button below for the full-text content

请点击以下获取该全文

Institutional Access

does not have access to this content.

Purchase Content

24 hours online access to download content

Your Access Options


Purchase

JEE-article-ppv for $36.00

Article available in:

Related Articles

Citing articles: 0