Abstract
Sex offenders who cross over in victims’ age, gender and relationship usually have a greater number of victims, which is associated with sexual recidivism. This investigation aimed to examine the prevalence of crossover index offending in Portugal, and to explore the predictive ability of sociodemographic and criminological variables on this outcome. A retrospective sample of 247 male individuals incarcerated for sex offenses in a Portuguese prison was drawn from official records. From those offenders with multiple victims (n = 94), 48% had victims of different age categories, 10% had both gendered victims, and 12% had intrafamilial and extrafamilial victims. Comparative statistics and logistic regressions were able to identify variables that distinguished noncrossover and crossover offenders and that predicted crossover, respectively. While likely underestimates of the prevalence of victim crossover, these findings are compared to previous international studies and provide a better understanding of the phenomenon.
References
|
Ardila, A. (2013). The impact of culture on neuropsychological test. In Uzzell, B. P., Ponton, M., Ardila, A. (Eds.), International handbook of cross-cultural neuropsychology (pp. 23-44). New York, NY: Psychology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bailey, J. M., Hsu, K. J., Bernhard, P. A. (2016). An Internet study of men sexually attracted to children: Sexual attraction patterns. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125, 976-988. doi:10.1037/abn0000212 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Bard, L. A., Carter, D. L., Cerce, D. D., Knight, R. A., Rosenberg, R., Schneider, B. (1987). A descriptive study of rapists and child molesters: Developmental, clinical, and criminal characteristics. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 5, 203-220. doi:10.1002/bsl.2370050211 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bickley, J., Beech, A. R. (2001). Classifying child abusers: Its relevance to theory and clinical practice. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45, 51-69. doi:10.1177/0306624X01451004 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Blanchard, R., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., Cantor, J. M. (2012). Sexual attraction to others: A comparison of two models of alloerotic responding in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 13-29. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9675-3 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Blasko, B. L. (2016). Overview of sexual offender typologies, recidivism, and treatment. In Jeglic, E. L., Calkins, C. (Eds.), Sexual violence: Evidence based policy and prevention (pp. 11-29). Switzerland: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44504-5_2 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bourke, M. L., Hernandez, A. E. (2009). The “Butner study” redux: A report of the incidence of hands-on child victimization by child pornography offenders. Journal of Family Violence, 24, 183-191. doi:10.1007/s10896-008-9219-y Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cann, J., Friendship, C., Gonza, L. (2007). Assessing crossover in a sample of sexual offenders with multiple victims. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 12, 149-163. doi:10.1348/135532506X112439 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Craissati, J., Beech, A. (2004). The characteristics of a geographical sample of convicted rapists: Sexual victimization and compliance in comparison to child molesters. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 371-388. doi:10.1177/0886260503262078 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Direção Geral de Reinserção e Serviços Prisionais [General Office of Prison Services and Social Rehabilitation] . (2014a). Estatísticas do ano 2014: Reclusos condenados existentes em 31 de dezembro, segundo o sexo, os escalões de idade e a nacionalidade, por crimes. Retrieved from http://www.dgsp.mj.pt/paginas/estatisticas/estatisticas_arq_mostra.php?id=2014 Google Scholar | |
|
Direção Geral de Reinserção e Serviços Prisionais [General Office of Prison Services and Social Rehabilitation] . (2014b). Relatório estatístico anual 2014. Retrieved from http://www.dgrs.mj.pt/web/rs/estat Google Scholar | |
|
Direção Geral de Reinserção e Serviços Prisionais [General Office of Prison Services and Social Rehabilitation] . (2015). Relatório estatístico anual 2015. Retrieved from http://www.dgrs.mj.pt/web/rs/estat Google Scholar | |
|
English, K., Jones, L., Patrick, D., Pasini-Hill, D. (2003). Sexual offender containment: Use of the post-conviction polygraph. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 989, 411-427. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07322.x Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Gottfredson, M. R. (2005). Offender classifications and treatment effects in developmental criminology: A propensity/event consideration. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 602, 46-57. doi:10.1177/0002716205279937 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Guay, J. P., Proulx, J., Cusson, M., Ouimet, M. (2001). Victim-choice polymorphia among serious sex offenders. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30, 521-533. doi:10.1023/A:1010291201588 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hanson, R. K., Morton-Bourgon, K. (2005). The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1154-1163. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1154 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hanson, R. L., Bussière, M. T. (1998). Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 348-362. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.348 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Heil, P., Ahlmeyer, S., Simons, D. (2003). Crossover sexual offenses. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 15, 221-236. doi:10.1177/107906320301500401 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Horney, J., Osgood, D. W., Marshall, I. H. (1995). Criminal careers in the short-term: Intra-individual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances. American Sociological Review, 60, 655-673. doi:10.2307/2096316 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Institute for Economics & Peace . (2017). Global Peace Index 2017: Measuring peace in a complex world. Retrieved from http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/06/GPI17-Report.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Kleban, H., Chesin, M. S., Jeglic, E. L., Mercado, C. C. (2013). An exploration of crossover sexual offending. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 25, 427-443. doi:10.1177/1079063212464397 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lanning, K. V. (2010). Child molesters: A behavioral analysis (5th ed.). Retrieved from https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/US-NCMEC-OJJDP-Child-Molesters-A-Behavioral-Analysis-Lanning-2010.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Levenson, J. S., Becker, J., Morin, J. W. (2008). The relationship between victim age and gender crossover among sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20, 43-60. doi:10.1177/1079063208314819 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Mann, R. E., Hanson, R. K., Thornton, D. (2010). Assessing risk for sexual recidivism: Some proposals on the nature of psychologically meaningful risk factors. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 22, 191-217. doi:10.1177/1079063210366039 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Marôco, J. (2011). Análise estatística com o SPSS Statistics [Statistical analysis using SPSS Statistics] (5ª Edição). Pero Pinheiro, Portugal: ReportNumber, Lda. Google Scholar | |
|
McGloin, J., Sullivan, C., Piquero, A., Pratt, T. (2007). Local life circumstances and offending specialization/versatility: Comparing opportunity and propensity models. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 44, 321-346. doi:10.1177/0022427807302664 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Michaud, P., Proulx, J. (2009). Penile-response profiles of sexual aggressors during phallometric testing. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 21, 308-334. doi:10.1177/1079063209342073 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Olver, M. E., Wong, S. C., Nicholaichuk, T., Gordon, T. (2007). The validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale—Sexual Offender version: Assessing sex offender risk and evaluating therapeutic change. Psychological Assessment, 19, 318-329. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.318 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Porter, S., Fairweather, D., Drugge, J., Birt, A., Hervé, H., Boer, D. (2000). Profiles of psychopathy in incarcerated sexual offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, 216-233. doi:10.1177%2F0093854800027002005. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Robertiello, G., Terry, K. J. (2007). Can we profile sex offenders? A review of sex offender typologies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 508-518. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2007.02.010 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sanderson, C. (2004). The seduction of children: Empowering parents and teachers to protect children from child sexual abuse. London, England: Jessica Kingsley. Google Scholar | |
|
Sim, D. J., Proeve, M. (2010). Crossover and stability of victim type in child molesters. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15, 401-413. doi:10.1348/135532509X473869 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Simmons, J., Nelson, L., Simonsohn, U. (2012). A 21 word solution. SPSP Dialogue Newsletter. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2160588 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Stephens, S., Seto, M. C., Goodwill, A. M., Cantor, J. M. (2018). The relationships between victim age, gender, and relationship polymorphism and sexual recidivism. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 30, 132-146. doi:10.1177/1079063216630983 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Tribunal de Braga dá como provado abusos sexuais a criança mas aplica pena suspensa a pedófilo . (2018, April 5). Expresso. Retrieved from http://expresso.sapo.pt/revista-de-imprensa/2018-04-05-Tribunal-de-Braga-da-como-provado-abusos-sexuais-a-crianca-mas-aplica-pena-suspensa-a-pedofilo#gs.9=qkSMQ Google Scholar | |
|
Weinrott, M. R., Saylor, M. (1991). Self-report of crimes committed by sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 286-300. doi:10.1177/088626091006003002 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wierzbicka, A . (2003). Cross-cultural pragmatics: The semantics of human interaction (2nd ed.). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar | Crossref |

