![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
In this article, we develop an account of how aesthetic preferences can be formed as a result of two hierarchical, fluency-based processes. Our model suggests that processing performed immediately upon encountering an aesthetic object is stimulus driven, and aesthetic preferences that accrue from this processing reflect aesthetic evaluations of pleasure or displeasure. When sufficient processing motivation is provided by a perceiver’s need for cognitive enrichment and/or the stimulus’ processing affordance, elaborate perceiver-driven processing can emerge, which gives rise to fluency-based aesthetic evaluations of interest, boredom, or confusion. Because the positive outcomes in our model are pleasure and interest, we call it the Pleasure-Interest Model of Aesthetic Liking (PIA Model). Theoretically, this model integrates a dual-process perspective and ideas from lay epistemology into processing fluency theory, and it provides a parsimonious framework to embed and unite a wealth of aesthetic phenomena, including contradictory preference patterns for easy versus difficult-to-process aesthetic stimuli.
References
|
Albrecht, S., Carbon, C. C. (2014). The Fluency Amplification Model: Fluent stimuli show more intense but not evidently more positive evaluations. Acta Psychologica, 148, 195-203. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.02.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Alter, A. L. (2013). The benefits of cognitive disfluency. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 437-442. doi:10.1177/0963721413498894 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 219-235. doi:10.1177/1088868309341564 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N. (2013). Disfluency prompts analytic thinking—But not always greater accuracy: Response to Thompson et al. (2013). Cognition, 128, 252-255. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.01.006 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N., Eyre, R. N. (2007). Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 569-576. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.569 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Armstrong, T., Detweiler-Bedell, B. (2008). Beauty as an emotion: The exhilarating prospect of mastering a challenging world. Review of General Psychology, 12, 305-329. doi:10.1037/a0012558 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Bargh, J. A. (1992). The ecology of automaticity: Toward establishing the conditions needed to produce automatic processing effects. American Journal of Psychology, 105, 181-199. doi:10.2307/1423027 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In Wyer, R. S., Srull, T. K. (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Govender, R., Pratto, F. (1992). The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 893-912. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.893 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Raymond, P., Hymes, C. (1996). The automatic evaluation effect: Unconditional automatic attitude activation with a pronunciation task. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 104-128. doi:10.1006/jesp.1996.0005 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bargh, J. A., Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462-479. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Belke, B., Leder, H., Augustin, M. D. (2006). Mastering style—Effects of explicit style-related information, art knowledge and affective state on appreciation of abstract paintings. Psychology Science, 48, 115-134. Retrieved from http://www.pabst-publishers.de/psychology-science/2-2006/04_belke.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Belke, B., Leder, H., Strobach, T., Carbon, C. C. (2010). Cognitive fluency: High-level processing dynamics in art appreciation. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4, 214-222. doi:10.1037/a0019648 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Berlyne, D. E. (1970). Novelty, complexity, and hedonic value. Perception & Psychophysics, 8, 279-286. doi:10.3758/BF03212593 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Berlyne, D. E. (1971). Aesthetics and psychobiology. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Google Scholar | |
|
Berlyne, D. E. (1974). Studies in the new experimental aesthetics: Steps toward an objective psychology of aesthetic appreciation. Washington, DC: Hemisphere. Google Scholar | |
|
Blijlevens, J., Carbon, C. C., Mugge, R., Schoormans, J. P. L. (2012). Aesthetic appraisal of product designs: Independent effects of typicality and arousal. British Journal of Psychology, 103, 44-57. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02038.x Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968-1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 265-289. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bornstein, R. F., D’Agostino, P. R. (1994). The attribution and discounting of perceptual fluency: Preliminary tests of a perceptual/attributional model of the mere exposure effect. Social Cognition, 12, 103-128. doi:10.1521/soco.1994.12.2.103 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bornstein, R. F., Kale, A. R., Cornell, K. R. (1990). Boredom as a limiting condition on the mere exposure effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 791-800. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.791 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bullot, N. J., Reber, R. (2013). The artful mind meets art history: Toward a psycho-historical framework for the science of art appreciation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36, 123-137. doi:10.1017/S0140525X12000489 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Carbon, C. C., Faerber, S. J., Gerger, G., Forster, M., Leder, H. (2013). Innovation is appreciated when we feel safe: On the situational dependence of the appreciation of innovation. International Journal of Design, 7(2), 43-51. Retrieved from http://www.ijdesign.org/ojs/index.php/IJDesign/index Google Scholar | |
|
Carbon, C. C., Leder, H. (2005). The Repeated Evaluation Technique (RET): A method to capture dynamic effects of innovativeness and attractiveness. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 587-601. doi:10.1002/acp.1098 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Carver, C. S. (2003). Pleasure as a sign you can attend to something else: Placing positive feelings within a general model of affect. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 241-261. doi:10.1080/02699930302294 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review, 97, 19-35. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.19 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 752-766. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.752 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chaiken, S. (1987). The heuristic model of persuasion. In Zanna, M. P., Olson, J. M., Herman, C. P. (Eds.), Social influence: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 5, pp. 3-39). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Chaiken, S., Trope, Y. (Eds.). (1999). Dual-process theories in social psychology. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY: Harcourt. Google Scholar | |
|
Cupchik, G. C. (1994). Emotion in aesthetics: Reactive and reflective models. Poetics, 23, 177-188. doi:10.1016/0304-422x(94)00014-w Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dechêne, A., Stahl, C., Hansen, J., Wänke, M. (2009). Mix me a list: Context moderates the truth effect and the mere-exposure effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1117-1122. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.019 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A., van Knippenberg, D. (2008). Motivated information processing in group judgment and decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 22-49. doi:10.1177/1088868307304092 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Derryberry, D., Tucker, D. M. (1994). Motivating the focus of attention. In Niedenthal, P. M., Kitayama, S. (Eds.), The heart’s eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention (pp. 167-196). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Devine, P. G., Tauer, J. M., Barron, K. E., Elliot, A. J., Vance, K. M. (1999). Moving beyond attitude change in the study of dissonance-related processes. In Harmon-Jones, E., Mills, J. (Eds.), Cognitive dissonance: Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology (pp. 297-323). Washington, DC: American Psychologist Association. doi:10.1037/10318-012 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Efklides, A. (2006). Metacognition and affect: What can metacognitive experiences tell us about the learning process? Educational Research Review, 1, 3-14. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2005.11.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Efklides, A., Petkaki, C. (2005). Effects of mood on students’ metacognitive experiences. Learning and Instruction, 15, 415-431. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2005.07.010 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 709-724. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.49.8.709 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2006). The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 378-395. doi:10.3758/BF03193858 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255-278. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Evans, J. S. B. T., Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 223-241. doi:10.1177/1745691612460685 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Faerber, S. J., Leder, H., Gerger, G., Carbon, C. C. (2010). Priming semantic concepts affects the dynamics of aesthetic appreciation. Acta Psychologica, 135, 191-200. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.06.006 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Fechner, G. T. (1876). Vorschule der Aesthetik [Introduction to aesthetics]. Leipzig, Germany: Breitkopf & Härtel. Google Scholar | |
|
Fernandez-Duque, D., Baird, J. A., Posner, M. I. (2000). Executive attention and metacognitive regulation. Consciousness and Cognition, 9, 288-307. doi:10.1006/ccog.2000.0447 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Fiedler, K. (2013). Fluency and behavior regulation. Adaptive and maladaptive consequences of a good feeling. In Unkelbach, C., Greifeneder, R. (Eds.), The experience of thinking: How the fluency of mental processes influences cognition and behavior (pp. 234-254). New York, NY: Psychology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Forster, M., Leder, H., Ansorge, U. (2013). It felt fluent and I liked it: Subjective feeling of fluency rather than objective fluency determines liking. Emotion, 13, 280-289. doi:10.1037/a0030115 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Gawronski, B., Creighton, L. A. (2013). Dual process theories. In Carlston, D. E. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of social cognition (pp. 282-312). Washington, DC: American Psychologist Association. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199730018.013.0014 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. (Original work published 1979) Google Scholar | |
|
Gilbert, D. T. (1989). Thinking lightly about others: Automatic components of the social inference process. In Uleman, J. S., Bargh, J. A. (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 189-211). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Greifeneder, R., Unkelbach, C. (2013). Experiencing thinking. In Unkelbach, C., Greifeneder, R. (Eds.), The experience of thinking: How the fluency of mental processes influences cognition and behavior (pp. 1-8). New York, NY: Psychology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Halberstadt, J. (2006). The generality and ultimate origins of the attractiveness of prototypes. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 166-183. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_5 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hansen, J., Wänke, M. (2013). Fluency in context: Discrepancy makes processing experiences informative. In Unkelbach, C., Greifeneder, R. (Eds.), The experience of thinking: How the fluency of mental processes influences cognition and behavior (pp. 70-84). New York, NY: Psychology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Harmon-Jones, E. (2000). A cognitive dissonance theory perspective on the role of emotion in the maintenance and change of beliefs and attitudes. In Frijda, N. H., Manstead, A. S. R., Bem, S. (Eds.), Emotions and beliefs: How feelings influence thoughts (pp. 185-211). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Harmon-Jones, E., Allen, J. J. B. (2001). The role of affect in the mere exposure effect: Evidence from psychophysiological and individual difference approaches. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 889-898. doi:10.1177/0146167201277011 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hekkert, P., Snelders, D., van Wieringen, P. C. W. (2003). “Most advanced, yet acceptable”: Typicality and novelty as joint predictors of aesthetic preference in industrial design. British Journal of Psychology, 94, 111-124. doi:10.1348/000712603762842147 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Janiszewski, C. (1993). Preattentive mere exposure effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 376-392. doi:10.1086/209356 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kahneman, D., Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In Gilovichz, T., Griffin, D., Kahneman, D. (Eds.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment (pp. 49-81). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511808098.004 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kant, I. (1951). Critique of judgment (Bernard, J. H. , Trans.). New York, NY: Hafner Press. (Original work published 1790) Google Scholar | |
|
Koriat, A. (1993). How do we know that we know? The accessibility model of the feeling of knowing. Psychological Review, 100, 609-639. doi:10.1037//0033-295X.100.4.609 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kruglanski, A. W. (1990). Lay epistemic theory in social-cognitive psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 181-197. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0103_1 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kruglanski, A. W., Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing.” Psychological Review, 103, 263-283. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kunst-Wilson, W. R., Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Affective discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recognized. Science, 207, 557-558. doi:10.1126/science.7352271 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Landwehr, J. R., Labroo, A. A., Herrmann, A. (2011). Gut liking for the ordinary: Incorporating design fluency improves automobile sales forecasts. Marketing Science, 30, 416-429. doi:10.1287/mksc.1110.0633 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Landwehr, J. R., Wentzel, D., Herrmann, A. (2013). Product design for the long run: Consumer responses to typical and atypical designs at different stages of exposure. Journal of Marketing, 77(5), 92-107. doi:10.1509/jm.11.0286 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Larsen, R. J., Kasimatis, M., Frey, K. (1992). Facilitating the furrowed brow: An unobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis applied to unpleasant affect. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 321-338. doi:10.1080/02699939208409689 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Leder, H., Belke, B., Oeberst, A., Augustin, D. (2004). A model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments. British Journal of Psychology, 95, 489-508. doi:10.1348/0007126042369811 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Leder, H., Carbon, C. C., Ripsas, A. L. (2006). Entitling art: Influence of title information on understanding and appreciation of paintings. Acta Psychologica, 121, 176-198. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.08.005 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Losch, M. E., Cacioppo, J. T. (1990). Cognitive dissonance may enhance sympathetic tonus, but attitudes are changed to reduce negative affect rather than arousal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 289-304. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(90)90040-S Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Martindale, C., Moore, K., Borkum, J. (1990). Aesthetic preference: Anomalous findings for Berlyne’s psycho-biological theory. The American Journal of Psychology, 103, 53-80. doi:10.2307/1423259 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mazzoni, G., Nelson, T. O. (1998). Metacognition and cognitive neuropsychology: Monitoring and control processes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
McWhinnie, H. J. (1968). A review of research on aesthetic measure. Acta Psychologica, 28, 363-375. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(68)90025-5 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Metcalfe, J., Shimamura, A. P. (1994). Metacognition: Knowing about knowing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Miller, R. L. (1976). Mere exposure, psychological reactance and attitude change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 40, 229-233. doi:10.1086/268290 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Millis, K. (2001). Making meaning brings pleasure: The influence of titles on aesthetic experiences. Emotion, 1, 320-329. doi:10.1037//1528-3542.1.3.320-329 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Munsinger, H., Kessen, W. (1964). Uncertainty, structure, and preference. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 78(9), 1-24. doi:10.1037/h0093865 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Murphy, S. T., Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 723-739. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.723 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Muth, C., Carbon, C. C. (2013). The Aesthetic Aha: On the pleasure of having insights into gestalt. Acta Psychologica, 144, 25-30. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.05.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Muth, C., Pepperell, R., Carbon, C. C. (2013). Give me gestalt! Preference for cubist artworks revealing high detectability of objects. Leonardo, 46, 488-489. doi:10.1162/LEON_a_00649 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). The secret life of fluency. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 237-241. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.02.014 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Oppenheimer, D. M., Alter, A. L. (2013). Disfluency sleeper effect: Disfluency today promotes fluency tomorrow. In Unkelbach, C., Greifeneder, R. (Eds.), The experience of thinking: How the fluency of mental processes influences cognition and behavior (pp. 85-97). New York, NY: Psychology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Palmer, S. E., Schloss, K. B., Sammartino, J. (2013). Visual aesthetics and human preference. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 77-107. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100504 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123-205). Orlando, FL: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Reber, R. (2002). Reasons for the preference for symmetry. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, 415-416. doi:10.1017/S0140525X02350076 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Reber, R. (2012). Processing fluency, aesthetic pleasure, and culturally shared taste. In Shimamura, A. P., Palmer, S. E. (Eds.), Aesthetic science: Connecting minds, brains, and experience (pp. 223-274). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732142.001.0001 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Reber, R., Schwarz, N., Winkielman, P. (2004). Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver’s processing experience? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 364-382. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_3 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Reber, R., Winkielman, P., Schwarz, N. (1998). Effects of perceptual fluency on affective judgments. Psychological Science, 9, 45-48. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00008 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Reber, R., Wurtz, P., Zimmermann, T. D. (2004). Exploring “fringe” consciousness: The subjective experience of perceptual fluency and its objective bases. Consciousness and Cognition, 13, 47-60. doi:10.1016/S1053-8100(03)00049-7 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Russell, P. A. (2003). Effort after meaning and the hedonic value of paintings. British Journal of Psychology, 94, 99-110. doi:10.1348/000712603762842138 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Schwarz, N. (2004). Metacognitive experiences in consumer judgment and decision making. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 332-348. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1404_2 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schwarz, N., Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schwarz, N., Clore, G. L. (1996). Feelings and phenomenal experiences. In Higgins, E. T., Kruglanski, A. W. (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 433-465). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Shimamura, A. P. (2012). Toward a science of aesthetics: Issues and ideas. In Shimamura, A. P., Palmer, S. E. (Eds.), Aesthetic science: Connecting minds, brains, and experience (pp. 3-28). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732142.003.0010 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Silvia, P. J. (2005a). Cognitive appraisals and interest in visual art: Exploring an appraisal theory of aesthetic emotions. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 23, 119-133. doi:10.2190/12AV-AH2P-MCEH-289E Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Silvia, P. J. (2005b). Emotional responses to art: From collation and arousal to cognition and emotion. Review of General Psychology, 9, 342-357. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.4.342 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Silvia, P. J. (2005c). What is interesting? Exploring the appraisal structure of interest. Emotion, 5, 89-102. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.89 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Silvia, P. J. (2010). Confusion and interest: The role of knowledge emotions in aesthetic experience. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4, 75-80. doi:10.1037/a0017081 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Silvia, P. J. (2012). Human emotions and aesthetic experience: An overview of empirical aesthetics. In Shimamura, A. P., Palmer, S. E. (Eds.), Aesthetic science: Connecting minds, brains, and experience (pp. 251-275). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732142.003.0058 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sloman, S. A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 3-22. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Smith, E. R., DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 108-131. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_01 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Song, H., Schwarz, N. (2008). If it’s hard to read, it’s hard to do: Processing fluency affects effort prediction and motivation. Psychological Science, 19, 986-988. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02189.x Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Strack, F., Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220-247. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Thompson, V. A., Turner, J. A. P., Pennycook, G., Ball, L. J., Brack, H., Ophir, Y., Ackerman, R. (2013). The role of answer fluency and perceptual fluency as metacognitive cues for initiating analytical thinking. Cognition, 128, 237-251. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.09.012 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Topolinski, S., Likowski, K. U., Weyers, P., Strack, F. (2009). The face of fluency: Semantic coherence automatically elicits a specific pattern of facial muscle reactions. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 260-271. doi:10.1080/02699930801994112 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Topolinski, S., Reber, R. (2010). Gaining insight into the “Aha” experience. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 402-405. doi:10.1177/0963721410388803 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Topolinski, S., Strack, F. (2009). The analysis of intuition: Processing fluency and affect in judgements of semantic coherence. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 1465-1503. doi:10.1080/02699930802420745 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Unkelbach, C., Greifeneder, R. (2013a). A general model of fluency effects in judgment and decision making. In Unkelbach, C., Greifeneder, R. (Eds.), The experience of thinking: How the fluency of mental processes influences cognition and behavior (pp. 11-32). New York, NY: Psychology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Unkelbach, C., Greifeneder, R. (2013b). Thinking about “experiences of thinking”: Fluency in six principles. In Unkelbach, C., Greifeneder, R. (Eds.), The experience of thinking: How the fluency of mental processes influences cognition and behavior (pp. 257-261). New York, NY: Psychology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Van de Cruys, S., Wagemans, J. (2011). Putting reward in art: A tentative prediction error account of visual art. i-Perception, 2, 1035-1062. doi:10.1068/i0466aap Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Van den Bergh, O., Vrana, S. R. (1998). Repetition and boredom in a perceptual fluency/attributional model of affective judgements. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 533-553. doi:10.1080/026999398379556 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Whittlesea, B. W. A., Williams, L. D. (2000). The source of feelings of familiarity: The discrepancy-attribution hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 547-565. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.3.547 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Winkielman, P., Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Mind at ease puts a smile on the face: Psychophysiological evidence that processing facilitation elicits positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 989-1000. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.989 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Winkielman, P., Halberstadt, J., Fazendeiro, T., Catty, S. (2006). Prototypes are attractive because they are easy on the mind. Psychological Science, 17, 799-806. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01785.x Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Winkielman, P., Schwarz, N., Fazendeiro, T., Reber, R. (2003). The hedonic marking of processing fluency: Implications for evaluative judgment. In Musch, J., Klauer, K. C. (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 189-217). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Wurtz, P., Reber, R., Zimmermann, T. D. (2008). The feeling of fluent perception: A single experience from multiple asynchronous sources. Consciousness and Cognition, 17, 171-184. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.07.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
