![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
This study measured the effects of gender, age and their interaction on global selfesteem and physical self-perceptions (physical self-worth, PSW; physical condition, PC; physical strength, PS; attractive body, AB; sport competence, SC) of French adolescents. Global self-esteem (GSE) and physical self-perceptions were measured by the Physical Self Inventory. Participants were 605 adolescents assigned to groups on the basis of gender (males vs females) and age (from 11 to 16 years). Significant age, gender and interaction differences in the ratings were analysed using a two-way MANOVA design. An age effect was found on the GSE, PSW and AB scales and a gender effect was found on GSE and all physical self-perception scales. We found no interaction (age gender) effect. We discuss the separate effects of gender and age on GSE and physical self-perceptions in adolescents, as well as the lack of interaction effect.
| Alsaker, F.D. and Olweus, D. (1993) ‘Stability of Global Self-evaluations in Early Adolescence: A Cohort Longitudinal Study’ , Journal of Research on Adolescence 2(2): 123–145 . Google Scholar | |
| Üái, F.H. (2003) ‘The Effects of Physical Fitness Training on Trait Anxiety and Physical Self-Concept of Female University Students’ , Psychology of Sport and Exercise 4: 255–264 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Üái, F.H., Kin, A. and Kos Üar, N. (1998) ‘Effects of Participation in an 8-Week Aerobic Dance and Step Aerobics Program on Physical Self-Perception and Body Image Satisfaction’ , International Journal of Sport Psychology 24: 87–93 . Google Scholar | |
| Block, J. and Robins, R.W. (1993) ‘A Longitudinal Study of Consistency and Change in Self-Esteem from Early Childhood to Early Adolescence’ Child Development 64(3): 909–923 . Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Blyth, D.A., Simmons, R.G. and Carlton-Ford, S. (1983) ‘The Adjustment of Early Adolescents to School Transitions’ , Journal of Early Adolescence 3: 105–120 . Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Bolognini, M., Plancherel, B., Bettschart, W. and Halfon, O. (1996) ‘Self-Esteem and Mental Health in Early Adolescence: Development and Gender Differences’ , Journal of Adolescence 19: 233–245 . Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Brown, J.D. (1998) The Self. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill . Google Scholar | |
| Coopersmith, S. (1967) The Antecedents of Self-Esteem. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman . Google Scholar | |
| Coopersmith, S. (1984) Inventaire d’estime de soi. Paris: Centre de Psychologie AppliquÈe. Google Scholar | |
| Crocker, P.R.E., Eklund, R.C. and Kowalski, K.C. (2000) ‘Children’s Physical Activity and Physical Self-Perceptions’ , Journal of Sport Sciences 18: 383–394 . Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Daley, A.J. and Buchanan, J. (1999) ‘Aerobic Dance and Physical Self-Perceptions in Female Adolescents: Some Implications for Physical Education’ , Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 70(2): 196–200 . Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| DiLorenzo, T.M., Bargman, E.P., Stucky-Ropp, R., Brassington, G.S., Frensch, P.A. and LaFontaine, A. (1999) ‘Long-Term Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Psychological Outcomes’ , Preventive Medicine 28(1): 75–85 . Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Eccles, J.S. and Midgley, C. (1989) ‘Stage/Environment Fit: Developmentally Appropriate Classrooms for Early Adolescents’, in R. Ames and C. Ames (eds) Research on Motivation in Education, vol. 3, pp. 139–181. San Diego, CA: Academic Press . Google Scholar | |
| Eccles, J.S., Adler, T.F. and Meece, J.L. (1984) ‘Sex Differences in Achievement: A Test of Alternate Theories’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46: 26–43 . Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Eccles, J.S., Wigfield, A., Harold, R.D. and Blumenfeld, P. (1993) ‘Age and Gender Differences in Children’s Self and Task Perceptions during Elementary School’ , Child Development 64: 830–847 . Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Erikson, E.H. (1968) Identity, Youth and Crisis. New York: W.W. Norton . Google Scholar | |
| Fenzel, L.M. (2000) ‘Prospective Study of Changes in Global Self-Worth and Strain during the Transition to Middle School’ , Journal of Early Adolescence 20(1): 93–116 . Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Fox, R.K. (1990) The Physical Self-Perception Profile Manual. Dekalb, IL: Office for Health Promotion, Northern Illinois University . Google Scholar | |
| Fox, R.K. (1997) The Physical Self. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics . Google Scholar | |
| Fox, K.R. (1998) ‘Advances in the Measurement of the Physical Self’, in J.L. Duda (ed.) Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology Measurement, pp. 295–310. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology . Google Scholar | |
| Fox, K.R. (1999) ‘The Influence of Physical Activity on Mental Well-Being’ , Public Health Nutrition 2(3a): 411–418 . Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Fox, K.R. (2000) ‘Self-Esteem, Self-Perceptions and Exercise’ , International Journal of Sport Psychology 31: 228–240 . Google Scholar | ISI | |
| Fox, R.K. and Corbin, C.B. (1989) ‘The Physical Self-Perception Profile: Development and Preliminary Validation’ , Journal of Sports and Exercise Psychology 11: 408–430 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| GoÒi, A. and Zulaika, L. (2000) ‘Relationships between Physical Education Classes and the Enhancement of Fifth Grade Pupils’ Self-Concept’ , Perceptual and Motor Skills 91: 246–250 . Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Goudas, M. and Biddle, S.J.H. (1994) ‘Perceived Motivational Climate and Intrinsic Motivation in School Physical Education Classes’ , European Journal of Psychology of Education 9(3): 241–250 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Hagborg, W.J. (1994) ‘The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents: A Concurrent Validity Study’ , Psychology in the Schools 30: 132–136 . Google Scholar | ISI | |
| Hall, G.S. (1904) Adolescence, 2 vols. New York: Appleton . Google Scholar | |
| Harter, S. (1982) ‘The Perceived Competence Scale for Children’ , Child Development 53(1): 87–97 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Harter, S. (1999) The Construction of the Self: a Developmental Perspective. New York: Guilford Press . Google Scholar | |
| Kling, K.C., Hyde, J.S., Showers, C.J. and Buswell, B.N. (1999) ‘Gender Differences in Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis’ , Psychological Bulletin 125(4): 470–500 . Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| McAuley, E., Mihalko, S.L. and Bane, S.M. (1997) ‘Exercise and Self-Esteem in Middle-Aged Adults: Multidimensional Relationships and Physical Fitness and Self-Efficacy Influences’ , Journal of Behavioral Medicine 20: 67–83 . Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Marsh, H.W. (1989) ‘Age and Sex Effects in Multiple Dimensions of Self-Concept: Preadolescence to Early-Adulthood’ , Journal of Educational Psychology 81: 417–430 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Marsh, H.W. (1998) ‘Age and Gender Effects in Physical Self-Concepts for Adolescent Elite Athletes and Nonathletes: A Multicohort-Multioccasion Design’ , Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 20: 237–259 . Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Marsh, H.W. (1999) ‘Cognitive Discrepancy Models: Actual, Ideal, Potential, and Future Self-Perspectives of Body Image’ , Social Cognition 17(1): 46–75 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Marsh, H.W., Richards, G.E., Johnson, S., Roche, L. and Tremayne, P. (1994) ‘Physical Self-Description Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and a Multitrait–Multimethod Analysis of Relations to Existing Instruments’ , Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16: 270–305 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Ninot, G., DeligniËres, D. and Fortes, M. (2000) ‘L’…valuation de l’estime de soi dans le domaine corporel’ , STAPS 53: 35–48 . Google Scholar | |
| Papaioannou, A. (1995) ‘Differential Perceptual and Motivational Patterns When Different Goals are Adopted’ , Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 17: 18–34 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Piers, E. (1969) Manual for the Piers–Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale. Nashville, TN: Counselor Recordings and Tests . Google Scholar | |
| Savin-Williams, R.C. and Demo, D.H. (1984) ‘Developmental Change and Stability in Adolescent Self-Concept’ , Developmental Psychology 20: 1100–1110 . Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Simmons, R.G. and Blyth, D.A. (1987) Moving into Adolescence: the Impact of Pubertal Change and School Context. New York: Aldine . Google Scholar | |
| Stein, R.J. (1996) ‘Physical Self-Concept’, in B.A. Bracken (ed.) Handbook of Self-Concept: Developmental, Social, and Clinical Considerations, pp. 374–394. New York: Wiley . Google Scholar | |
| Trent, L.M., Russell, G. and Cooney, G. (1994) ‘Assessments of Self-Concept in Early Adolescence’ , Australian Journal of Psychology 46: 21–28 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Vallacher, R.R. and Novak, A. (1997) ‘The Emergence of Dynamical Social Psychology’ , Psychological Inquiry 8: 73–99 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Whitehead, J.R. and Corbin, C.B. (1997) ‘Self-Esteem in Children and Youth: The Role of Sport and Physical Education’, in K.R. Fox (ed.) The Physical Self, pp. 175–203. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics . Google Scholar | |
| Wigfield, A., Eccles, J.S., MacIver, D., Reuman, D.A. and Midgley, C. (1991) ‘Transitions during Early Adolescence: Change in Children’s Domain-Specific Self-Perceptions and Global Self-Esteem across the Transition to Junior High School’ , Developmental Psychology 27(4): 552–565 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
