Abstract
This paper brings a speculative, sociological perspective to the nature of ‘ability’ in physical education (PE) and asks why this aspect of embodiment, with notable exceptions, has received so little critical attention in the professional discourse of PE and associated research in recent years. It is suggested that thinking about ‘ability’ has become a taken for granted absent presence in the discursive practices of PE in the UK that variously helps configure attitudes towards the body, a sense of status, value, distinction, inclusion/exclusion and embodied self. Drawing on ideas from the theoretical work of Bernstein and Bourdieu the paper raises a number of issues about the ways in which ‘ability’ is constructed within the disciplines that feed the various subcultures of the PE profession, influencing teaching in schools and teacher education. The paper suggests that unless greater attention is given to ‘physical education’, rather than the interests of sport and health, the profession is unlikely to make an impact either on the ‘abilities’ or other culturally informed differences that children and young people bring to schools.
| Arnold, P.J. (1979) Meaning and Movement, Sport and Physical Education. London: Heinemann . Google Scholar | |
| Ball, S.J. (2003) The More Things Change:. Educational Research, Social Class and ‘Interlocking’ Inequalities’. Stephenage: Pear Tree Press . Google Scholar | |
| BBC News (2003) ‘Sir Alex Demands More School Sport’, http://bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3033255.stm Google Scholar | |
| Berger, J. (2001) The Shape of a Pocket. London: Bloomsbury . Google Scholar | |
| Bernstein, B. (1971) ‘Education Cannot Compensate for Society’, in B.R. Cosin, I.R. Dale, G.M. Esland and D.F. Swift (eds) School and Society, pp. 61–67. Milton Keynes: Open University . Google Scholar | |
| Bernstein, B. (1990) The Structuring of Pedagogic Discourse. London: Routledge . Google Scholar | |
| Best, D. (1978) Philosophy and Human Movement. London: Unwin . Google Scholar | |
| Bourdieu, P. (1992) The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity . Google Scholar | |
| Bourdieu, P. and Wacquant, L. (1992) An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity . Google Scholar | |
| Collins, M.F. (2003) ‘Social Exclusion from Sport and Leisure’, in B. Houlihan (ed.) Sport and Society, pp. 67–89. London: Sage . Google Scholar | |
| Collins, M. and Kay, T. (2003) Sport and Social Exclusion. London: Routledge . Google Scholar | |
| Collingwood, T.R. (1997) ‘Providing Physical Fitness Programs to At-Risk Youth’ , Quest 49(1): 67–84 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Crossley, N. (2001) The Social Body. London: Sage . Google Scholar | |
| De Knop, P. and Elling, A. (2001) Values and Norms in Sport. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport . Google Scholar | |
| Demaine, J. (2001) Sociology of Education Today. London: Palgrave . Google Scholar | |
| Department for Culture, Media and Sport (1999) Policy Action Team 10: Report on Social Exclusion London: Dept for Culture, Media and Sport, London SW1Y 5DH Google Scholar | |
| Dweck, C.S. and Leggett, E. (1988) ‘A Social-Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality’ , Psychological Review 95: 256–273 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Ennis, C.D. (1999) ‘Creating a Culturally Relevant Curriculum for Disengaged Girls’ , Sport, Education and Society 4(1): 31–49 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Evans, J. and Davies, B. (2004) ‘The Embodiment of Consciousness: Bernstein, Health and Schooling’, in J. Evans, B. Davies and J. Wright (eds) Body Knowledge and Control, pp. 129–148. London: Routledge . Google Scholar | |
| Evans, J., Davies, B. and Wright, J. (2004) Body Knowledge and Control. Studies in the Sociology of Physical Education and Health. London: Routledge . Google Scholar | |
| Gillborn, D. and Youdell, D. (2001) ‘The New Iqism: Intelligence, “Ability” and the Rationing of Education’, in J. Demaine (ed.) Sociology of Education Today,pp. 65–97. London: Palgrave . Google Scholar | |
| Jefferies, S. (2003) ‘Teaching Cuts in Physical Education NOT Inevitable?’ Google Scholar | |
| Kay, T. (2000) ‘Sporting Excellence: A Family Affair’ , European Journal of Physical Education 6(2): 151–171 . Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Kew, F. (1997) Sport: Social Problems and Issues. Oxford: Butterworth, Heinemann . Google Scholar | |
| Light, K. (2003) ‘The Joy of Learning: Emotion and Learning in Games through TGFU’ , Journal of Physical Education New Zealand 36(7): 93–109 . Google Scholar | |
| Lynch, K. and Lodge, A. (2002) Equality and Power in Schools. London: Routledge/Falmer . Google Scholar | |
| Nagel, M. and Nagel, S. (2001) ‘Social Background and Top Performance Sport’ , paper presented to ECSS Congress, 24–8 July, Cologne. Google Scholar | |
| Nash, R. (2003) ‘Inequality/Difference in New Zealand Education: Social Reproduction and the Cognitive Habitus’ , paper presented at the International Sociology of Education Conference, London, 2 Jan. Google Scholar | |
| Penney, D. and Houlihan, B. (2003) Specialist Colleges National Monitoring and Evaluation Research Project: First National Survey Report. Loughborough: Institute of Youth Sport, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University . Google Scholar | |
| Polanyi, M. (1958) Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul . Google Scholar | |
| Pronger, B. (2002) Body Fascism: Salvation in the Technology of Physical Fitness. Toronto: University of Toronto Press . Google Scholar | |
| Roberts, K. (1996) ‘Young People, Schools, Sport and Government Policies’ , Sport, Education and Society 1(1): 23–47 . Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Salter, G. (2003) ‘Maori Culture and Tradition in the Mainstream’ , Journal of Physical Education New Zealand 36(7): 27–42 . Google Scholar | |
| Shilling, C. (1993) The Body and Social Theory. London: Sage . Google Scholar | |
| Stones, E. (1992) ‘Editorial’ , Journal of Education for Teaching 18: 111–113 . Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Stroot, S.A. (2001) ‘Socialisation and Participation in Sport’, in A. Laker (ed.) The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education, pp. 129–148. London: Routledge/Falmer . Google Scholar | |
|
TES(2003) ‘Decades of Reform Fail to Close Class Gap’ (11 April): 1-1 . Google Scholar | |
|
The Times Higher Education Supplement(2003) ‘Clarke Lays into Useless History’ (9 May): 2–3 . Google Scholar | |
| Van Der Meulen, R., Kraylaar, G. and Utlee, W. (2002) ‘Lifelong on the Move: An Event Analysis of Attrition in Non-Elite Sport’ , paper to ECSS Congress, Cologne, 24–8 July. Google Scholar | |
| Vygotsky, L. (1994) The Vygotsky Reader, ed. R. Van der Veer and J. Valsiner. Oxford: Blackwell . Google Scholar | |
| Weiner, B. (1995) Judgements of Responsibility. New York: Guildford Press . Google Scholar | |
| Whitehead, M. (2001) ‘The Concept of Physical Literacy’ , European Journal of Physical Education 6(2): 127–139 . Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Zaman, H. (1997) ‘Islam, Well Being and Physical Activity: Perceptions of Muslim Young Women’, in G. Clarke and B. Humberstone (eds) Researching Women and Sport, pp. 50–68. London: Macmillan Press . Google Scholar |

