![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) adapted to the Greek language. The sample consisted of 586 male and female volleyball players of elite and regional level status. Data were analysed from three time points of a competitive season. For each time point, seven competing first-order and second-order factor structures were subjected to confirmatory factor analyses. The results revealed that the Greek GEQ demonstrated high internal reliability coefficients, good convergent validity and, for most of the competing models, acceptable fit indices. However, very high factor correlations rendered problematic the discriminant validity of the questionnaire. Multisample analyses examining the invariance of the seven models across competitive level and gender revealed that the models were largely invariant. Further psychometric testing is needed to examine whether the Greek GEQ relates to conceptually important personal and team correlates of group cohesion.
| Aggelonidis, I. (1995) ‘Team Cohesion and Coach Leadership Style as Factors Affecting the Performance of Volleyball Teams’, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Athens, Greece. Google Scholar | |
|
Biddle, S. , Markland, D. , Gilbourne, D. , Chatzisarantis, N. and Sparkes, A. (2001) ‘Research Methods in Sport and Exercise Science: Quantitative and Qualitative Issues’ , Journal of Sports Sciences 19: 777-809 . Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Brawley, L.R. and Carron, A.V. (2003) ‘Caution in Interpreting Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Group Environment Questionnaire: A Response to Sullivan, Short, and Cramer (2002)’ , Perceptual and Motor Skills 97: 315-318 . Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Byrne, B.M. (1994) Structural Equation Modeling with Eqs and Eqs/Windows: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage . Google Scholar | |
|
Carron, A.V. (1982) ‘Cohesiveness in Sport Groups: Interpretations and Considerations’ , Journal of Sport Psychology 4: 123-138 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Carron, A.V. and Hausenblas, H.A. (1998) Group Dynamics in Sport (2nd edn). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology . Google Scholar | |
|
Carron, A.V. , Brawley, L.R. and Widmeyer, W.N. (1998) ‘The Measurement of Cohesiveness in Sport Groups’, in J.L. Duda (ed.) Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology Measurement, pp. 213-226. Morgantown, WV: Fit Press . Google Scholar | |
|
Carron, A.V. , Widmeyer, W.N. and Brawley, L.R. (1985) ‘The Development of an Instrument to Assess Cohesion in Sport Teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire’ , Journal of Sport Psychology 7: 244-266 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cattell, R.B. (1973) Personality and Mood by Questionnaire. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass . Google Scholar | |
|
Cheung, G.W. and Rensvold, R.B. (2002) ‘Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance’ , Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 9: 233-255 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Curran, P.J. and Hussong, A.M. (2002) ‘Structural Equation Modeling of Repeated Measures Data’, in D. Moskowitz and S. Hershberger (eds) Modeling Intraindividual Variability with Repeated Measures Data: Methods and Applications, pp. 59-86. New York: Erlbaum Associates . Google Scholar | |
|
Duncan, T.E. , Duncan, S.C. , Strycker, L.A. , Li, F. and Alpert, A. (1999) An Introduction to Latent Variable Growth Curve Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . Google Scholar | |
|
Hair, J.F. , Anderson, R.E. , Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1998) Multivariate Data Analysis, (5th edn). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall . Google Scholar | |
|
Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999) ‘Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives’ , Structural Equation Modeling 6: 1-55 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Isogai, H. , Brewer, B.W. , Cornelius, A.E. , Komiya, S. , Tokunaga, M. and Tokushima, S. (2001) ‘Cross-Cultural Validation of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale’ , International Journal of Sport Psychology 32: 76-87 . Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Kline, P. (2000) The Handbook of Psychological Testing (2nd edn). London: Routledge . Google Scholar | |
|
Li, F. and Harmer, P. (1996) ‘Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Group Environment Questionnaire with an Intercollegiate Sample’ , Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 18: 49-63 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Li, F. , Harmer, P. , Chi, L. and Vongjaturapat, N. (1996) ‘Cross-Cultural Validation of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire’ , Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 18: 392-407 . Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Marsh, H.W. (1987) ‘The Hierarchical Structure of Self-Concept and the Application of Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis’ , Journal of Educational Measurement 24: 17-39 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Meredith, W. and Tisak, J. (1990) ‘Latent Curve Analysis’ , Psychometrika 55: 107-122 . Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nunnally, J.C. and Bernstein, I.H. (1994) Psychometric Theory (3rd edn). New York: McGraw-Hill . Google Scholar | |
|
Schutz, R.W. , Eom, H.J. , Smoll, F.L. and Smith, R.E. (1994) ‘Examination of the Factorial Validity of the Group Environment Questionnaire’ , Research-Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 65: 226-236 . Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Sullivan, R.A. , Short, S.E. and Cramer, K.M. (2002) ‘Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Group Environment Questionnaire with Coacting Teams’ , Perceptual and Motor Skills 94: 341-347 . Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Widmeyer, W.N. , Brawley, L.R. and Carron, A.V. (1985) The Measurement of Cohesion in Sport Teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. London, ON: Sport Dynamics . Google Scholar |
