Abstract
The main purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate the role of motivational climates, perceived competence and motivational regulations as antecedents of self-reported physical activity during junior high school years. The participants included 237 Finnish students (101 girls, 136 boys) that were 13 years old at the first stage of the study. Students completed the motivational climate and perceived competence questionnaires at Grade 7, motivation towards physical education questionnaire at Grade 8, and self-reported physical activity questionnaire at Grade 9. A path analysis revealed a path from task-involving motivational climate via perceived competence and intrinsic motivation to self-reported physical activity. Perceived competence and intrinsic motivation were statistically significant mediators between task-involving motivational climate and self-reported physical activity. This finding supports the four-stage causal sequence model of motivation.
|
Ames, C (1992) Classrooms: goals, structures and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology 84: 261–271. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Asparouhov, T (2005) Sampling weights in latent variable modeling. Structural Equation Modeling 12: 411–434. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Asparouhov, T (2006) General multi-level modeling with sampling weights. Communications in statistics. Theory and Methods 35: 439–460. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bentler, P (2007) On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Personality and Individual Differences 42: 825–829. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bollen, KA (1989) Structural Equations with Latent Variables. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. New York: Wiley. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Brunel, P (1999) Relationship between achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on intrinsic motivation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 9: 365–374. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Chatzisarantis, NLD, Hagger, MS (2009) Effects of an intervention based on self-determination theory on self-reported leisure-time physical activity participation. Psychology and Health 24: 29–48. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Covington, MV, Mueller, KJ (2001) Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation: an approach/avoidance reformulation. Educational Psychology Review 13: 157–176. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cox, A, Williams, L (2008) The roles of perceived teacher support, motivational climate, and psychological need satisfaction in students' physical education motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 30: 222–240. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Currie, C, Gabhainn, SN, Godeau, E (2008) Inequalities in Young People’s Health. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. International Report from the 2005/2006 Survey. Health policy for children and adolescents no. 5. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, pp.105–112. Google Scholar | |
|
Cury, F, Biddle, S, Famose, J-P, Goudas, M, Sarrazin, P, Durand, M (1996) Personal and situational factors influencing intrinsic interest of adolescent girls in school physical education: a structural equation modelling analysis. Educational Psychology 16: 305–315. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Deci, EL, Ryan, RM (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Deci, EL, Ryan, RM (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist 55: 68–78. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Deci, EL, Ryan, RM (2007) Active human nature: self-determination theory and the promotion and maintenance of sport, exercise, and health. In: Hagger, MS, Chatzisarantis, NLD (eds) Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Exercise and Sport. Champaign, USA: Human Kinetics, pp.1–21. Google Scholar | |
|
Digelidis, N, Papaioannou, A, Christodoulidis, T and Laparidis K(2003). A one-year intervention in 7th grade physical education classes aiming to change motivational climate and attitudes towards exercise. Psychology of Sport & Exercise 3: 195–210. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dumith, SC, Gigante, DP, Domingues, MR (2011) Physical activity change during adolescence: a systematic review and a pooled analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology 1: 1–14. Google Scholar | |
|
Duncan, SC, Duncan, TE, Strycker, LA A cohort-sequential latent growth model of physical activity from ages 12 to 17 years. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 33: 80–89. Google Scholar | |
|
Epstein, JL (1989) Family structures and student motivation: a developmental perspective. In: Ames, C, Ames, R (eds) Research on Motivation in Education. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, pp.259–295. Google Scholar | |
|
Fox, KR (1990) The Physical Self-perception Profile Manual. De Kalb, USA: Office for Health Promotion, Northern Illinois University. Google Scholar | |
|
Fox, KR (1997) The physical self and processes in self-esteem development. In: Fox, KR (ed.) The Physical Self. From Motivation to Well-being. Champaign, USA: Human Kinetics, pp.111–139. Google Scholar | |
|
Fox, KR, Corbin, CB (1989) The physical self-perception profile: development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 11: 408–430. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gao, Z (2008) The role of perceived competence and enjoyment in predicting students' physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness. Perceptual and Motor Skills 107: 365–372. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hagger, MS, Chatzisarantis, NL, Barkoukis, V (2005) Perceived autonomy support in physical education and leisure-time physical activity: a cross-cultural evaluation of the trans-contextual model. Journal of Educational Psychology 97: 287–301. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Halvari, H, Ulstad, SO, Bagøien, TE (2009) Autonomy support and its links to physical activity and competitive performance: mediations through motivation, competence, action orientation and harmonious passion, and the moderator role of autonomy support by perceived competence. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 53: 533–555. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Harter, S (1978) Effectance motivation reconsidered: toward a developmental model. Human Development 21: 34–64. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hayes, AF (2009) Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs 76: 408–420. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hu, L, Bentler, PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 6: 1–55. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jaakkola, T, Liukkonen, J, Ommundsen, Y (2008) The relationship between situational and contextual self-determined motivation and physical activity intensity as measured by heart rates during ninth grade students’ physical education classes. European Physical Education Review 14: 13–31. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kalaja, S, Jaakkola, T, Watt, A (2010) The associations between seventh grade Finnish students’ motivational climate, perceived competence, self-determined motivation and fundamental movement skills. European Physical Education Review 5: 315–335. Google Scholar | |
|
Lonsdale, C, Sabiston, CM, Raedeke, TD (2009) Self-determined motivation and students' physical activity during structured physical education lessons and free choice periods. Preventive Medicine 48: 69–73. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
McKenzie, TL (2007) The preparation of physical educators: a public health perspective. Quest 59: 346–357. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mageau, GA, Vallerand, RJ (2003) The coach-athlete relationship: a motivational model. Journal of Sports Science 21: 883–904. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Morgan, K, Carpenter, P (2002) Effects of manipulating the motivational climate in physical education lessons. European Physical Education Review 8: 207–229. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Muthén, LK, Muthén, BO (1998–2011) Mplus User’s Guide. Sixth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén. Google Scholar | |
|
Nader, PR, Bradley, RH, Houts, RM (2008) Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from ages 9 to 15 years. Journal of American Medical Association 300: 295–305. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Nicholls, JG (1989) The Competitive Ethos and Democratic Education. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ntoumanis, N (2005) A prospective study of participation in optional school physical education using a self-determination theory framework. Journal of Educational Psychology 97: 444–453. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ommundsen, Y, Eikanger-Kvalo, S (2007) Autonomy-mastery, supportive or performance focused? Different teacher behaviours and pupils' outcomes in physical education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 51: 385–413. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Parish, LE, Treasure, DC (2003) Physical activity and situational motivation in physical education: influence of the motivational climate and perceived ability. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 74: 173–182. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Pelletier, LG, Fortier, MS, Vallerand, RJ (1995) Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 17: 35–53. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Prochaska, JJ, Sallis, JF, Long, B (2001) A physical activity screening measure for the use with adolescents in primary care. Archives in Pediatric Adolescence Medicine 155, 554–559. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Roberts, GC, Treasure, DC, Kavussanu, M (1996) Orthogonality of achievement goals and its relationship to beliefs about success and satisfaction in sport. The Sport Psychologist 10: 398–408. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ryan, RM, Connell, JP (1989) Perceived locus of causality and internalization: examining the reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 749–761. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ryan, RM, Williams, GC, Patrick, H (2009) Self-determination theory and physical activity: the dynamics of motivation in development and wellness. Hellenic Journal of Psychology 6:107–124. Google Scholar | |
|
Sallis, JF, Prochaska, JJ, Taylor, WC (2000) A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32: 963–975. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Schafer, JL (1997) Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. New York: Chapman & Hall. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Shavelson, RJ, Bolus, R (1982). Self-concept: the interplay of theory and methods. Journal of Educational Psychology 74: 3–17. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Shephard, RJ (2003) Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires. British Journal of Sports Medicine 37:197–206. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Soini, M, Liukkonen, J, Jaakkola, T (2004) Koululiikunnan motivaatioilmastomittarin validointi – koettua pätevyyttä, autonomiaa ja sosiaalista yhteenkuuluvuutta edistävän ilmaston yhteys itsearvioituun fyysiseen aktiivisuuteen [The validation of Intrinsic Motivation Climate in Physical Education Questionnaire]. Liikunta ja tiede [Sport and Science] 41: 58–63. Google Scholar | |
|
Standage, M, Duda, JL, Ntoumanis, N (2003) A model of contextual motivation in physical education: using constructs from self-determination and achievement goal theories to predict physical activity intentions. Journal of Educational Psychology 95: 97–110. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Standage, M, Duda, JL, Ntoumanis, N (2005) A test of self-determination theory in school physical education. British Journal of Educational Psychology 75: 411–433. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Standage, M, Duda, JL, Ntoumanis, N (2006) Students’ motivational processes and their relationship to teacher ratings in school physical education: a self-determination theory approach. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 77: 100–110. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI | |
|
Telama, R, Yang, X (2000) Decline of physical activity from youth to young adulthood in Finland. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32: 1617–1622. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Telama, R, Yang, X, Viikari, J (2005) Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3: 267–273. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Theeboom, M, de Knop, P, Weiss, MR (1995) Motivational climate, psychological responses, and motor skill development in children’s sport: a field-based intervention study. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 17: 294–311. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Vallerand, RJ, Fortier, MS (1998) Measures of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and physical activity: a review and critique. In: Duda, J (ed.) Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology Measurement. Morgantown, USA: Fitness Information Technology, pp.81–101. Google Scholar | |
|
Vallerand, RJ, Losier, GF (1999) An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 11: 142–169. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wallhead, TL, Ntoumanis, N (2004) Effects of a sport education intervention on students’ motivational responses in physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 23: 4–18. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Weigand, DA, Burton, S (2002) Manipulating achievement motivation in physical education by manipulating the motivational climate. European Journal of Sport Science 2 (1). Available at: http://www.humankinetics.com/ejss Google Scholar | |
|
Yli-Piipari, S, Wang, JCK, Jaakkola, T, Liukkonen, J. (2012) Examining the role of physical education in the development of adolescent physical activity: a person-oriented approach. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 24(4): 401–417 Google Scholar | ISI |

