![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
The Easy-Play Model offers a defined framework to organize games that promote an inclusive and enjoyable sport experience. The model can be implemented by participants playing sports in educational, recreational or social contexts with the goal of achieving an active lifestyle in an inclusive, cooperative and enjoyable environment. The Easy-Play Model offers a framework for modifying team sports in order to establish challenging and supportive playing opportunities in a context where competition is optimized. Arousal-seeking play theory, complexity theory and self-determination theory inform the theoretical foundations and comprehension of this model. The Easy-Play Model addresses many of the challenges that affect how frequently children and adolescents participate in physical activity through sport. This model’s alternative approach tackles physical inactivity and its health consequences by way of encouraging participation in sport. Its framework emphasizes a healthy, optimal competitiveness that appeals to all players regardless of age, skill and ability.
Keywords Easy-play, active lifestyle, sport, health, recreation, sustainability, enjoyment, school, community, home
References
Section:
|
Allender, S, Cowburn, G., Foster, C (2006) Understanding participation in sport and physical activity among children and adults: A review of qualitative studies. Health Education Research Theory and Practice 21: 826–835. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Allender, S, Hutchinson, L, Foster, C (2008) Life-change events and participation in physical activity: A systematic review. Health Promotion International 23: 160–172. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Brunet, J, Sabiston, C (2011) Exploring motivation for physical activity across the adult lifespan. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 12: 99–105. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Burghardt, G (2011) Defining and recognising play. In: Pelligrini, A (ed) The Oxford Handbook of the Development of Play. New York: Oxford University Press, pp.9–18. Google Scholar | |
|
Casper, J, Gray, D, Stellino, M (2007) A sport commitment model perspective on adult tennis players’ participation frequency and purchase intention. Sport Management Review 18: 253–278. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Coakley, J, Donnelly, P (2009) Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies. Toronto, Canada: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Davis, B, Sumara, D, Luce-Kapler, R (2008) Engaging Minds: Changing Teaching in Complex Times. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Ellis, M (1973) Why People Play. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Esposito, E (1995) Play and possibility. In Morgan, W, Klaus, M (eds) Philosophic Inquiry in Sport. Windsor, Canada: Human Kinetics, pp.114–119. Google Scholar | |
|
Fink, E (1995) The ontology of play. In Morgan, W, Klaus, M (eds) Philosophic Inquiry in Sport. Windsor, Canada: Human Kinetics, pp.100–109. Google Scholar | |
|
Green, C (2005) Building sport programs to optimize athlete recruitment, retention and transition: Toward a normative theory of sport development. Journal of Sport Management 19: 233–253. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gray, S (2004) Team club sports clubs for adults: A model. American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences Online Journal, 44–48. Available at: http://aabss.org/Perspectives2004/AABSS_44–48.pdf (accessed 28 February 2013). Google Scholar | |
|
Griffin, L, Butler, J (2010). More Teaching Games for Understanding: Moving Globally. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Gillet, N, Berjot, S, Gobance, L (2009) A motivational model of performance in sport domain. European Journal of Sport Science 9: 151–158. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hastie, P, de Ojeda, D, Luquin, A (2011) A review of research on sport education: 2004 to the present. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 16: 103–132. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hellison, D, Templin, T (1991) A Reflective Approach to Teaching Physical Education. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Hughes, F (2010) Children, Play and Development. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Jackson, J, Doescher, M, Jerant, A (2005) A national study of obesity prevalence and trends by type of rural county. Journal of Rural Health 21: 140–148. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Jenkins, J (2004) Sport education in a PETE program. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 75: 31–36. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Jewett, A, Bain, L, Ennis, C (1995) The Curriculum Process in Physical Education. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Johnston, L, Delva, J., O’Malley, P, (2007) Sports participation and physical education in American secondary schools. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 33: 195–208. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kelly, P, Cavill, N, Foster, C (2009) An Analysis of National Approaches to Promoting Physical Activity and Sports in Children and Adolescents. London, UK: University of Oxford. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/119295/HEPA_children_analysis_report.pdf (accessed 16 January 2013). Google Scholar | |
|
Kerr, J (1991) Sport: Work or play? In Kerr, JH, Apter, MJ (eds) Adult Play: A Reversal Theory Approach. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger, pp.43–54. Google Scholar | |
|
Kinchin, G (2006) Sport education: A review of the research. In Kirk, D, Macdonald, D, O’Sullivan, M (Eds) Handbook of Physical Education. London, UK: Sage, pp.296–611. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kirk, D (2005) Physical education, youth sport and lifelong participation: The importance of early learning experiences. European Physical Education Review 3: 239–255. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Kokko, S, Kannas, L, Villberg, J (2009) Health promotion profile of youth sports clubs in Finland: Club officials’ and coaches’ perceptions. Health Promotion International 24: 26–35. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lu, C, De Lisio, A (2009) Forget the physical and the difference is clear! Confronting the confusion surrounding physical education and physical activity. Physical and Health Education Journal 75: 6–11. Google Scholar | |
|
Lu, C, Steele, K (2012) Easy-Play Model: An Inclusive Approach to Enjoyable Sport Participation. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Teacher Education, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Google Scholar | |
|
McCaughtry, N, Sofo, S, Rovegno, I (2004) Learning to teach sport education: Misunderstandings, pedagogical difficulties, and resistance. European Physical Education Review 10: 135–155. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
McGee, Z, Strasser, J, McKenzie, I (2005) Why young athletes sign up for sports. Strategies: A Journal for Physical and Sport Educators 18: 33–34. Google Scholar | |
|
McLaughlin, D, Torres, C (2005) Fit to be tied! The relevance of ties in teaching physical education: Umpires and referees must decide plays one way or the other, but games require no such decisive conclusion. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 76: 38–42. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Metzler, M (2011) Instructional Models for Physical Education. Scottsdale, AR: Holcomb Hathaway. Google Scholar | |
|
Ntoumanis, N (2005) A prospective study of participation in optional school physical education using a self-determination theory framework. Journal of Educational Psychology 97: 444–453. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ogden, C, Carroll, M, Kit, B (2012a) Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999–2010. Journal of the American Medical Association 5: 483–490. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ogden, C, Carroll, M, Kit, B (2012b) Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999–2010. Journal of the American Medical Association 5: 491–497. Google Scholar | |
|
Öhman, M, Quennerstedt, M (2008) Feel good—be good: Subject content and governing processes in physical education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 13: 365–379. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Orlick, T (2006) Cooperative Games and Sports: Joyful Activities for Everyone. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Owen, N (1996) Strategic initiatives to promote participation in physical activity. Health Promotion International 11: 213–218. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Richards, R, Williams, S, Poulton, R (2007) Tracking club sport participation from childhood to early adulthood. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 78: 413–419. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ryan, R, Deci, E (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist 55: 68–78. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Scanlan, T, Carpenter, P, Schmidt, G (1993) An introduction to the sport commitment model. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 15: 1–15. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Shuttleworth, J, Chan, W (1998) Youth sport education and development in Hong Kong: A conflict model social impact assessment. Sport Education and Society 3: 27–58. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Siedentop, D, Hastie, P, van der Mars, H (2011) Complete Guide to Sport Education. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Siedentop, D, Tannehill, D (2000) Developing Teaching Skills in Physical Education. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield. Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, S (1998) Athletes, runners, joggers: Participant-group dynamics in sport of ‘individuals’. Sociology of Sport Journal 15: 174–192. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Solmon, M (2006) Creating a motivational climate to foster engagement in physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 77: 15–16, 22. Google Scholar | |
|
Spittle, M, Byrne, K (2009) The influence of sport education on student motivation in physical education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 14: 253–266. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Statistics Canada (2011) Sports participation in Canada, 2005 (81–595-MWE). Available at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81–595-m/2008060/s4-eng.htm(accessed 8 December 2012). Google Scholar | |
|
Starky, S (2005) The obesity epidemic in Canada. Available at: http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/prb0511-e.pdf (accessed 8 December 2012). Google Scholar | |
|
Steele, K (2012). Adult participants’ experiences of a sport program implementing the easy-play model: Implications for an active lifestyle . Unpublished Master’s thesis, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Google Scholar | |
|
Torres, C, Hager, P (2007) De-emphasizing competition in organized youth sport: Misdirected reforms and misled children. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 34: 194–210. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wallhead, T, O’Sullivan, M (2005) Sport education: Physical education for the new millennium? Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 10: 181–210. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
World Health Organization (2012) Physical Inactivity: A global public health problem. Available at: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/ ( accessed 8 December 2012). Google Scholar |
