![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Studies from several countries show that girls with an immigrant background participate in organized sports to a lesser extent than other young people. Barriers related to culture and religion serve in many of these studies as explanations. In this article we suggest that the notions of culture and religion in this field of studies could be elaborated and we distinguish between three different approaches: (a) culture and religiosity as restricting factors; (b) culture and religiosity as embodied dispositions for action; and lastly (c) culture and religiosity as the basis for reflexive praxis. Analyses of qualitative interviews with young Norwegian-Pakistani women show the relevance of the three perspectives. The study’s most important contribution is to illustrate how culture and religiosity have multiple meanings. The three perspectives presented in this paper might be used as analytical tools in future research on minority women and sports.
Keywords Sport, religiosity, culture, Muslim girls, Islam
References
Section:
|
Ahmad, A (2011) British football: Where are the Muslim female footballers? Exploring the connections between gender, ethnicity and Islam. Soccer and Society 12 (3): 443–456. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ålund, A (1997) Multikultiungdom: kön, etnicitet, identitet. Lund: studentlitteratur. Google Scholar | |
|
Amara, M (2008) An introduction to the study of sport in the Muslim world. In: Houlihan, B (ed.) Sport and Society. A Student Introduction (2nd edn). Los Angeles: Sage, pp.532–552. Google Scholar | |
|
Amos, V, Parmar, P (1997) Challenging imperial feminism. In: Mirza, HS (ed.) Black British Feminism. A Reader. London: Routledge, pp.54–58. Google Scholar | |
|
Andersson, M (2002) Identity work in sports. Ethnic minority youth, Norwegian macro-debates and the role model aspect. Journal of International Migration and Integration 3 (1): 83–106. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Back, L (2002) The fact of hybridity: Youth, ethnicity and racism. In: Solomos, J, Goldberg, DT (eds) A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies. Malden: MA Blackwell, pp.439–454. Google Scholar | |
|
Baumann, G (1996) Contesting Culture: Discourses of Identity in Multi-Ethnic London. London: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Benn, T, Dagkas, S, Jawad, H (2011a) Embodied faith: Islam, religious freedom and educational practices in physical education. Sport, Education and Society 16 (1): 17–34. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Benn, T, Pfister, G, Jawad, H (2011b) Muslim Women and Sport. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Blom, S (2011) Holdninger til innvandrere og innvandring 2011. Report no. 41/2011. Oslo: Statistics Norway. Google Scholar | |
|
Bourdieu, P (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bourdieu, P (1984) Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Burdsey, D (2010) British Muslim experiences in English first-class cricket. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 45 (3): 315–334. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Crossley, N (2004) Ritual, body technique, and (inter)subjectivity. In: Schilbrack, K (ed) Thinking Through Rituals: Philosophical perspectives. London: Routledge, pp.31–51. Google Scholar | |
|
Dagkas, S, Benn, T, Jawad, H (2011) Multiple voices: Improving participation of Muslim girls in physical education and school sport. Sport, Education and Society 16 (2): 223–239. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Daugstad, G (2009) Søker krake make? Ekteskap og pardannelse blant unge bakgrunn fra Tyrkia, Pakistan og Vietnam. Report no. 33. Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistics Norway. Google Scholar | |
|
De Knop, P, Theeboom, M, Wittock, H. (1996) Implications of Islam on Muslim girls’ sport participation in Western Europe. Literature review and policy recommendations for sport promotion. Sport, Education and Society 1 (2): 147–164. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dzamarija, MT (2004) Norske barn i utlandet. Utvalgte land: Pakistan, Marokko, Tyrkia og Spania. Report no. 71. Oslo-Kongsvinger: SSB Statistics Norway. Google Scholar | |
|
Elster, K (2011) Fremmedfrykten var der før 9/11. NRK verden. Available at: www.nrk.no/nyheter/verden/1.7781654 2011 (accessed 1 february 2014). Google Scholar | |
|
Eriksen, TH (2004) Røtter og føtter. Identitet i en omskiftelig tid. Oslo: Aschehoug. Google Scholar | |
|
Fasting, K (2003) Women and sport in Norway. In: Pfister, G, Hartmenn-Tews, I (eds) Sport and Women: Social Issues in International Perspective. London: Routledge, pp.15–34. Google Scholar | |
|
Fasting, K, Brackenridge, CH, Sundgot-Borgen, J (2004) Prevalence of sexual harassment among Norwegian female elite athletes in relation to sport type. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 39 (4): 373–386. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Flintoff, A, Webb, L (2012) ‘Just open your eyes a bit more’: The methodological challenges of researching black and minority ethnic students' experiences of physical education teacher education. Sport, Education and Society 17(5): 571–589. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Furseth, I (2014) Hijab street fashion og stil i Oslo. Sosiologisk tidsskrift 22 (1): 5–27. Google Scholar | |
|
Guerin, PB, Diiriye, RO, Corrigan, C. (2003) Physical activity programs for refugee somali women: Working out in a new country. Women & Health 38 (1): 83–99. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hamzeh, M, Oliver, K (2012) ‘Because I am Muslim, I cannot wear a swimsuit’: Muslim girls negotiate participation opportunities for physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 83(2): 330–339. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hervieu-Léger, D (2005) Bricolage vaut-il dissémination? Quelques réflexions sur l'operationnalité sociologique d'une métaphore problématique. Social Compass 52 (3): 295–308. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Jacobsen, CM (2002) Tilhørighetens mange former. Unge muslimer i Norge. Oslo: Unipax. Google Scholar | |
|
Jacobsen, CM (2011) Islamic Traditions and Muslim Youth in Norway. Muslim Minorities ed. vol. 10. Leiden: BRILL. Google Scholar | |
|
Jawad, H, Al-Sinani, Y, Benn, T (2011) Islam, women and sport. In: Benn, T, Pfister, G, Jawad, H (eds) Muslim Women and Sport. New York: Routledge, pp.25–40. Google Scholar | |
|
Jiwani, N, Rail, G (2010) Islam, hijab and young Shia Muslim Canadian women’s discursive constructions of physical activity. Sociology of Sport Journal 27 (3): 251–267. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kamrava, M (2006) The New Voices of Islam. Rethinking Politics and Modernity. A Reader. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Kay, T (2006) Daughters of Islam: Family influence on Muslim young women’s participation in sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 41 (3–4): 357–373. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Knez, K (2010) Being Muslim and being female. Negotiating physical activity and a gendered body. In: Wright, J, Macdonald, D (eds) Young People Physical Activity and the Everyday, Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge, pp.104–117. Google Scholar | |
|
Kvale, S, Brinkmann, S (2009) Interviews. Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing (2nd edn.). London: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Langset, KG (2010) Ali inntar akademia. Available at: www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7080553. 2010 (accessed 1 february 2014). Google Scholar | |
|
Lien, IL (2001) The concept of honor, conflict and violent behavior among youth in Oslo. In: Klein, M, Kerner, HS, Maxson, C. (eds) The Eurogang Paradox. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp.165–174. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lippe, G von der (2001) Skijumping. In: Christensen, K, Guttmann, A, Pfister, G (eds) International Encyclopedia of Women and Sports. Vol. 3. New York, NY: Macmillan, pp.1046–1047. Google Scholar | |
|
Moen, PE (2002) Splittes av kastesystemet. Unge pakistanere tar et oppgjør med gamle skikker. Dagsavisen, 14 April. Google Scholar | |
|
Mohanty, CT (1988) Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Feminist Review 30: 61–89. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
NIF (2012) Årsrapport 2011. Oslo: NIF. Google Scholar | |
|
Okin, SM (1999) Introduction. Feminism, multiculturalism, and human equality. In: Cohen, J, Howard, M, Nussbaum, MC (eds) Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp.3–24. Google Scholar | |
|
Østberg, S (2003) Muslim i Norge. Religion og hverdagsliv blant unge norsk-pakistanere. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Google Scholar | |
|
Pfister, G (2011) Muslim women and sport in diasporas: Theories, discourses and practices – Analysing the case of Denmark. In: Benn, T, Pfister, G, Jawad, H (eds) Muslim Women and Sport. New York: Routledge, pp.41–77. Google Scholar | |
|
Phoenix, A (2001) Practising feminist research: The intersection of gender and ‘race’ in the research process. In: Bhavani, KK (ed.) Feminism and ‘Race’. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.203–219. Google Scholar | |
|
Prieur, A (2002) Gender remix. On gender constructions among children of immigrants in Norway. Ethnicities 2 (1): 53–77. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Prieur, A (2004) Balansekunstnere. Betydning av innvandrerbakgrunn i Norge. Oslo: Pax Forlag A/S. Google Scholar | |
|
Ramadan, T (2004) Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ramadan, T (2010) What I Believe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ramazanoglu, C, Holland, J (2002) Feminist Methodology. Challenges and Choices. London: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ratna, A (2011) ‘Who wants to make aloo gobi when you can bend it like Beckham?’ British Asian females and their racialised experiences of gender and identity in women’s football. Soccer and Society 12 (3): 382–401. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rowe, N, Champion, R (2000) Sport Participation and Ethnicity in England. National Survey 1999/2000. Headline Findings. London: Sport England. Google Scholar | |
|
Roy, O (2004) Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. New York: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Sandberg, S (2008) Street capital. Ethnicity and violence on the street of Oslo. Theoretical criminology 12 (2): 153–171. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Seippel, Ø, Strandbu, Å, Sletten, M (2011) Ungdom og trening. Endring over tid og sosiale skillelinjer. Report no. 3/11. Oslo: NOVA. Google Scholar | |
|
Sfeir, L (1985) Conflict between cultural tradition and modernization. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 4 (20): 283–306. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Sisjord, M (2005) Snowboard – en kjønnet ungdomskultur. Tidskrift for ungdomsforskning 5: 65–82. Google Scholar | |
|
Skogvang, B (2006) Toppfotball: et felt i forandring. PhD Thesis, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway. Google Scholar | |
|
SSB (2013) Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre, 1.january 2014. Available at: http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2014-04-24?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=176208 (accessed 12 May 2014). Google Scholar | |
|
Støckel, JT, Strandbu, Å, Solenes, O. (2010) Sport for children in the Scandinavian countries. Sport in Society 13 (4): 625–642. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Strandbu, Å (2005) Identity, embodied culture and physical exercise. Stories from Muslim girls in oslo with immigrant background. Young 13 (1): 27–45. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Strandbu, Å (2006) Idrett, kjønn, kropp og kultur. Minoritetsjenters møte med norsk idrett. PhD Thesis, Institute of Sociology, University of Oslo, Norway. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Strandbu, Å, Bakken, A (2007) Aktiv oslo-ungdom. En studie av idrett, minoritetsbakgrunn og kjønn. Report no. 2. Oslo: NOVA. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Strandbu, Å, Hegna, K (2006) Experiences of body and gender identity among young female Norwegian basketball players. Sport in Society 9 (1): 108–127. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Strandbu, Å, Steen-Johnsen, K (2012) Bourdieu knew more than how to play tennis! An empirically based discussion of habituation and reflexivity. Sport, Education & Society. Epub ahead of print, 20 January 2014. DOI:10.1080/13573322.2012.728527. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Vestel, V (2003) A community of differences. PhD Thesis, University of Oslo, Norway. Google Scholar | |
|
Vogt, K (2008) Islam på norsk. Moskeer og islamske organisasjoner i Norge (2nd edn.) Oslo: Cappelen damm. Google Scholar | |
|
Walle, TM (2011) A passion for cricket. Masculinity, ethnicity and diasporic spaces in Oslo. PhD Thesis, University of Oslo, Norway. Google Scholar | |
|
Walseth, K (2006) Young Muslim women and sport: The impact of identity work. Leisure Studies 25 (1): 75–94. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Walseth, K, Fasting, K (2003) Islam’s view on physical activity and sport – Egyptian women interpreting Islam. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 38(1): 45–60. Google Scholar | Abstract | |
|
Watson, B, Scraton, S (2001) Confronting whiteness? Researching the leisure lives of South Asian mothers. Journal of Gender Studies 10 (3): 265–277. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Werbner, P (1996) ‘Our blood is green’: Cricket, identity and social empowerment among British Pakistanis. In: MacClancy, J (ed.) Sport, Identity and Ethnicity. Oxford: Berg, pp.87–111. Google Scholar | |
|
Wikan, U (2002) Generous Betrayal. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
White Paper No. 17 (St.meld. nr.17). Om innvandring og det flerkulturelle Norge (1996). Google Scholar | |
|
White Paper No. 39 (St.meld.nr.39) Frivillighet for alle (2007). Google Scholar | |
|
Wollebæk, D, Enjolras, B, Steen-Johnsen, K. (2012) After Utøya: How a high-trust society reacts to terror – Trust and civic engagement in the aftermath of July 22. Spotlight, PS, January 2012: 32–37. Google Scholar | |
|
Wray, S (2002) Connecting ethnicity, gender and physicality: Muslim Pakistani women, physical activity and health. In: Scraton, S, Flintoff, A (eds) Gender and Sport: A Reader. London: Routledge, pp.127–140. Google Scholar | |
|
Zaman, H (1997) Islam, well-being and physical activity: Perceptions of Muslim young women. In: Clarke, G, Humberstone, B (eds) Researching Women and Sport. London: Macmillian Press, pp.50–67. Google Scholar | Crossref |
