Abstract
Commencing with a discussion of the various conceptions of education for the development of humanity, this essay articulates four essential vectors of educational processes – epistemic, ethical, aesthetic, and political, as they are instantiated in Physical Education. Drawing on philosophical literature, it is argued that the sporting activities that typically comprise physical educational curricula can afford opportunities to experience and to open the athletic self to epistemic, political and especially aesthetic notions, and not merely ethical ones, as recent scholarship has tended to focus on. This essay explores the four vectors in the context of the modern urban self.
Keywords Physical education, aesthetics, ethics
|
Actas do Fórum Desporto Ética Sociedade , 1989, pp. 23–39. (Searching for references to a sport’s ethics. In: Bento, JO, Marques, A (eds). Sport Ethics and Society. Porto: University of Porto – Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education. Sport Ethics and Society Conference Review, 1989, pp. 23-39). Google Scholar | |
|
Barros Marques, E, Fróis, JP (1999) Conclusões da conferência: Educação estética e artística. NOESIS. Instituto de Inovação Educacional. DOSSIER 52: 3. (Conclusions of the conference: aesthetic and artistic education. NOESIS. Educational Innovation Institute. DOSSIER 52: 3.). Google Scholar | |
|
Bento, JO (1990) À procura de referências para uma Ética do Desporto. In: Bento, JO, Marques, A (eds). Desporto Ética Sociedade. Porto: Universidade do Porto - Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física. Google Scholar | |
|
Bento, JO (2012) Teoria-prática: uma relação múltipla. In: Mesquita, I e, Bento, JO (eds). Professor de Educação Física: fundar e dignificar a profissão. Belo Horizonte: Instituto Casa da Educação Física, pp. 13–48. (Theory-practice: a multiple relation. In: Mesquita, I, Bento, JO (eds). Physical Education Teacher: Founding and Dignifying the Profession. Belo Horizonte: Casa da Educação Física Institute, pp. 13–48). Google Scholar | |
|
Bento, JO, Constantino, JM (2007) Em Defesa do Desporto. Mutações e Valores em Conflito. Coimbra: Edições Almedina. (Defending Sport. Conflicting Mutations and Values. Coimbra: Almedina Editions). Google Scholar | |
|
Beresford, H (1994) A Ética e a Moral Social através do Esporte. Rio de Janeiro: SPRINT Editora LTDA. (Ethics and Social Morality through Sport. Rio de Janeiro: SPRINT Editions LTDA). Google Scholar | |
|
Best, D (1978) Philosophy and Human Movement. London: George Allen and Unwin. Google Scholar | |
|
Best, D (1988)The aesthetic in sport. In: William J, Morgan, Klaus V, Meier (eds). Philosophic Inquiry in Sport. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc, pp. 477–493. Google Scholar | |
|
Breivik, G (2014) Sporting knowledge and the problem of knowing how. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 41(2): 143–162. Google Scholar | |
|
Brown, M (1984) Paternalism, drugs and the nature of sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 21: 14–22. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Carlisle, R (1974) Physical education and aesthetics. In: Whiting, HTA, Masterson, DW (eds). Readings in the Aesthetics of Sport. London: Lepus Books, pp. 21–31. Google Scholar | |
|
Carr, D (1979) Aims of physical education. Physical Education Review 2 (2): 91–100. Google Scholar | |
|
Carr, D (1997) Physical education and value diversity: A response to Andrew Reid. European Physical Education Review 3 (2): 195–205. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Edgar, A (2013) Sport and art: An essay in the hermeneutics of sport. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 7: 80–99. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gagliardini Graça, ML, Lacerda, TO (2011) Da estética do desporto à estética do futebol. Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte 33(2): 427–444. (From sport’s aesthetics to football’s aesthetics. Sport’s Sciences Brazilian Review 33(2): 427-444). Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gagliardini Graça, ML, Lacerda, TO (2012) Educação Física, Estética e Ética. Um ensaio sobre as possibilidades de desenvolvimento curricular das componentes estéticas e éticas na educação física. Revista Mineira de Educação Física 1 (Edição Especial): 243–253. (Physical Education, Aesthetics and Ethics. An essay about curricular development possibilities of aesthetic and ethic contents in physical education. Minas Gerais Physical Education Review 1(Special edition): 243-253). Google Scholar | |
|
Gonçalves, JL (2009) Espaço Público e reconhecimento intersubjectivo: a afirmação do direito entre o amor e a estima social, Argumentos de Razón Técnica 2 (serie especial): 105–112. (Public Space and the intersubjective recognition: The claim of the law between love and social care. Argumentos de Razón Técnica Review 2(special edition): 105-112). Google Scholar | |
|
Graça, A (2012) Sobre as questões do quê ensinar e aprender em educação física. In: Mesquita, I e, Bento, JO (eds). Professor de Educação Física: fundar e dignificar a profissão. Belo Horizonte: Instituto Casa da Educação Física, pp. 93–117. (About what to teach and learn in physical education. In: Mesquita, I, Bento, JO (eds). Physical Education Teacher: Founding and Dignifying the Profession. Belo Horizonte: Casa da Educação Física Institute, pp. 93–117). Google Scholar | |
|
Green, K (1998) Philosophies, ideologies and the practice of physical education. Sport, Education and Society 3(2): 125–143. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gumbrecht, HU (2007) O elogio da beleza atlética. São Paulo: Companhia das letras. (In praise of athletic beauty. São Paulo: Companhia das letras Editor). Google Scholar | |
|
Hirama, LK, Montagner, PC, Baía, AC (2012) Educação moral e pedagogia do exporte: dimensões que coexistem?. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto 12(supl.): 103–106. (Moral education and sport’s pedagogy: Coexisting dimensions? Sport Sciences Portuguese Review 12(suppl): 103-106). Google Scholar | |
|
Hopsicker, P (2009) Polanyi's “from-to” knowing and his contribution to the phenomenology of skilled motor behavior. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 36 (1): 76–87. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kant, I (1996) Sobre a pedagogia. Piracicaba, São Paulo: Editora Unimep. (About pedagogy. Piracicaba, São Paulo: Unimep Editors). Google Scholar | |
|
Kant, I (1999). Critique of pure reason. Guyer, P, Wood, AW (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Kirk, D (1984) Physical education, aesthetics and education. Physical Education Review 7 (1): 65–72. Google Scholar | |
|
Kirk, D (1992) Defining physical education. The social construction of a school subject in post war Britain. London: Falmer. Google Scholar | |
|
Kirk, D (2013) Educational value and models-based practice in physical education. Educational Philosophy and Theory 45 (9): 973–986. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kleinig, J (1983) Philosophical Issues in Education. Sydney: Croom Helm. Google Scholar | |
|
Kretchmar, RS (2000) Moving and being moved: Implications for practice. Quest 52 (3): 260–272. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lacerda, TO (2002). Elementos para a construção de uma Estética do Desporto. Dissertação de Doutoramento apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física da Universidade do Porto. (Elements for the construction of a Sport’s Aesthetics. Doctoral Thesis, University of Porto, Portugal). Google Scholar | |
|
Lacerda, TO (2004) Acerca da natureza da experiência estética desencadeada pelo encontro com o desporto e do seu contributo para a educação estética do ser humano. In: Eunice, Lebre e, Jorge, Bento (eds). Professor de Educação Física. Ofícios da Profissão. Porto: Edição FCDEF-UP, pp. 301–307. (About the nature of the aesthetic experience caused by sports’ experience and its contribution for the aesthetic education of human kind. In: Lebre, Eunice, Bento, Jorge (eds). Physical Education Teacher. Professional crafts. Porto: FCDEF-UP Edition, pp. 301–307). Google Scholar | |
|
Lacerda, TO, Gagliardini Graça, ML, Pereira, PC (2012) Fora do corpo não reconheço a densidade da alma: da Educação Física e da relação estética com o mundo. In: Mesquita, I e, Bento, JO (eds). Professor de Educação Física: fundar e dignificar a profissão. Belo Horizonte: Instituto Casa da Educação Física, pp. 237–253. (Outside the body I can’t recognise the density of the soul: about physical education and the aesthetic relationship with the world. In: Mesquita, I, Bento, JO (eds). Physical Education Teacher: Founding and Dignifying the Profession. Belo Horizonte: Casa da Educação Física Institute, pp. 237–253). Google Scholar | |
|
Loland, S (2006) Morality, medicine, and meaning: Toward an integrated justification of physical education. Quest 58 (1): 60–70. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Matos, Z (2012) Educação Física na Escola: da necessidade da formação aos objectivos e conteúdos formativos. In: Mesquita, I e, Bento, JO (eds). Professor de Educação Física: fundar e dignificar a profissão. Belo Horizonte: Instituto Casa da Educação Física, pp. 143–175. (Physical education at school: from the educational needs to educational objectives and contents. In: Mesquita, I, Bento, JO (eds). Physical Education Teacher: Founding and Dignifying the Profession. Belo Horizonte: Casa da Educação Física Institute, pp. 143–175). Google Scholar | |
|
McNamee, MJ (1994) Valuing leisure practices: Towards a theoretical framework. Leisure Studies 13(4): 288–309. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McNamee, MJ (1995) Sporting practices, institutions and virtues: A critique and a restatement. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 22: 61–83. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McNamee, MJ (1998) Education, philosophy and physical education: Analysis, epistemology and axiology. European Physical Education Review 4 (1): 75–91. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
McNamee, M (2005) The nature and values of physical education. In Green, K, Hardman, K (eds) Physical education: Essential Issues pp. 1–20. London: SAGE. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McNamee, MJ (2008) Sport, Virtues and Vices: Morality Plays. UK: Routlege. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McNamee, MJ (2010) Sports Ethics: A Reader. UK: Routlege. Google Scholar | |
|
McNamee, MJ (2012) Transhuman athletes and pathological perfectionism: Recognizing limits in sports and human nature. In: Tolleneer, J, Sterckx, S, Bonte, P (eds). Athletic Enhancement, Human Nature and Ethics: Threats and Opportunities of Doping Technologies. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 185–192. Google Scholar | |
|
Morgan, B (1987) The logical incompatibility thesis and rules: A reconsideration of formalism as an account of games. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 14 (1): 1–20. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mumford, S (2012) Moderate partisanship as oscillation. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 6 (3): 369–375. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Nyberg, G (2014) Exploring “knowings in human movement: The practical knowledge of pole-vaulters. European Physical Education Review 20 (1): 72–89. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Pereira, PC (2006) Do Sentir e do Pensar. Ensaio para uma Antropologia (Experiencial) de Matriz Poética. Porto: Edições Afrontamento. (About feeling and thinking. An essay for an (experienced) antropology with a poetic nature. Porto: Afrontamento editors). Google Scholar | |
|
Pereira, PC (2009) Habitar e Acolher, Argumentos de Razón Técnica 2(serie especial): 211–219. (Dwell and welcome. Argumentos de Razón Técnica Review 2(special series): 211-219). Google Scholar | |
|
Polanyi, M (1974) Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Queirós, P, Silva, P (2012) Pensar o corpo na educação física e no desporto. Implicações éticas para os profissionais. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto 12(supl): 147–150. (Thinking the body in physical education and sport. Ethic professional implications. Sport Sciences Portuguese Review 12(suppl): 147-150). Google Scholar | |
|
Reid, LA (1974) Aesthetics and Education. In: Whiting, HTA, Masterson, DW (eds). Readings in the Aesthetics of Sport. London: Lepus Books, pp. 5–20. Google Scholar | |
|
Russ, J (2000) Dicionário de Filosofia. Lisboa: Didática Editora. Google Scholar | |
|
Russell, JS (2011) Competitive Sport, Moral Development and Peace. Talk for the Military World Games. Rio de Janeiro. Not published. Google Scholar | |
|
Ryle, G (1949) Knowing how and knowing that. In: Gilbert Ryle: Collected papers. Vol 2. New York: Barnes and Noble, pp. 212–225. Google Scholar | |
|
Santos, D (1982) Obras Completas: Da Filosofia – Do Homem (vol. 2). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. (Complete works: About Philosophy – About Human Kind (vol. 2). Lisboa: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation). Google Scholar | |
|
Savater, F (1998) O valor de educar. São Paulo: Martins Fontes. (The Value of Education. São Paulo: Martins Fontes editors). Google Scholar | |
|
Savater, F (2008). A Arte do Ensaio. Ensaios sobre a cultura universal. Lisboa: Temas e Debates. (The Art of the Essay. Essays about Universal Culture. Lisboa: Temas e Debates Editors). Google Scholar | |
|
Severino, AJ (2002) A filosofia da educação no Brasil: esboço de uma trajectória. In: Ghiraldelli, P (org). O que é a filosofia da educação? 3a ed. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, pp. 265–326. (Philosophy of education in Brazil: a draft of a path. In: Ghiraldelli Jr, P (org). What is the Philosophy of Education? (review) 3rd ed. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, pp. 265-326). Google Scholar | |
|
Schiller, F (1994) Sobre a Educação Estética do Ser Humano numa série de cartas e outros textos. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda. (About Humankind’s Aesthetic Education in Letters and Other Texts. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional- Casa da Moeda Editors). Google Scholar | |
|
Siedentop, D (1986) Sport Education. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Stolz, SA (2013) The philosophy of G. Ryle and its significance for physical education: Some thoughts and reflections. European Physical Education Review 19 (3): 381–396. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Taylor, C (1989) Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Torres, C (2011) Gol de media cancha. Conversasiones para disfrutar el deporte plenamente. Buenos Aires: Miño y D’ávila editores. (Middle-field Goal. Talks for the Full Enjoyment of Sport. Buenos Aires: Miño y D’àvila editors). Google Scholar | |
|
Torres, C (2012) Furthering interpretivism’s integrity: Bringing together ethics and aesthetics. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 39 (2): 299–319. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Werneck, VR (1991) O Eu Educado: Uma teoria da Educação fundamentada na Fenomenologia. Rio de Janeiro: Rio Fundo Editora. (The Educated Self: An Educational Theory Based on Phenomenology. Rio de Janeiro: Rio Fundo Editors). Google Scholar | |
|
Williams, BAO (1995) Making Sense of Humanity, and other Philosophical Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref |

