![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
This paper examines an experienced teacher’s employment of the teaching games for understanding (TGfU) model in a UK secondary school. The study sought to investigate how the teacher delivered TGfU and those factors that influenced his informal learning of this instructional model. Occupational socialisation was utilised to determine the factors that influenced his use of TGfU. Qualitative data were collected from interviews, lesson observations and documentary evidence. Inductive data analysis indicated the teacher delivered the ‘full version’ of the model largely congruent with the creators’ intentions. The traditional approach to games teaching seen in his childhood and partially learned in higher education were ‘washed out’ by the influence of teaching colleagues and the development of a student-centred approach to teaching games. This study indicates it is possible to overcome traditional approaches to games teaching and informally learn to use TGfU successfully given conducive circumstances and sufficient time.
References
Section:
|
Adams, P (2006) Exploring social constructivism: theories and practicalities. Education 3-13 34(3): 243–257. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Allison, PC (1990) Classroom teachers’ observations of physical education lessons. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 9(4): 272–283. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Almond, L (1986) Primary and secondary rules in games. In: Thorpe, R, Bunker, D, Almond, L (eds) Rethinking Games Teaching. Loughborough: University of Technology, pp.73–74. Google Scholar | |
|
Altheide, DL, Johnson, JM (1994) Criteria for assessing interpretive validity in qualitative research. In: Denzin, NK, Lincoln, YS (eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage Publications, pp.485–499. Google Scholar | |
|
Armour, KM (2010) The physical education profession and its professional responsibility … or … why ‘12 weeks paid holiday’ will never be enough. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 15: 1–13. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Armour, KM, Yelling, M (2007) Effective professional development for physical education teachers: The role of informal, collaborative learning. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 26: 177–200. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Barrett, KR, Turner, AP (2000) Sandy’s challenge: new game, new paradigm ‘a correspondence’. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 19(2): 162–181. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
British Educational Research Association (BERA) (2011) Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research. Available at: https://www.bera.ac.uk/researchers-resources/publications/ethical-guidelines-for-educational-research-2011 (accessed 3 December 2011). Google Scholar | |
|
Brooker, R, Kirk, D, Braiuka, S. (2000) Implementing a game sense approach to teaching junior high school basketball in a naturalistic setting. European Physical Education Review 6(1): 7–26. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Bunker, D, Thorpe, R (1982) A model for the teaching of games in secondary schools. Bulletin of Physical Education 18(1): 5–8. Google Scholar | |
|
Bunker, D, Thorpe, R (1986a) Landmarks on our way to ‘teaching for understanding.’In: Thorpe, R, Bunker, D, Almond, L (eds) Rethinking Games Teaching. Loughborough: University of Technology, pp.5–6. Google Scholar | |
|
Bunker, D, Thorpe, R (1986b) The curriculum model. In: Thorpe, R, Bunker, D, Almond, L (eds) Rethinking Games Teaching. Loughborough: University of Technology, pp.7–10. Google Scholar | |
|
Butler, JI (1996) Teacher responses to teaching games for understanding. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 67(9): 17–20. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Butler, JI (2014) TGfU – Would you know it if you saw it? Benchmarks from the tacit knowledge of the founders. European Physical Education Review 20(4): 465–488. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Butler, JI, Griffin, L (2010) More Teaching Games for Understanding: Moving Globally. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Capel, S (2007) Moving beyond physical education subject knowledge to develop knowledgeable teachers of the subject. Curriculum Journal 18(4): 493–507. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Casey, A (2010) Practitioner research in physical education: teacher transformation through pedagogical and curricular change. PhD Thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK. Google Scholar | |
|
Casey, A (2013) Practitioner research: A means of coping with the systemic demands for continual professional development? European Physical Education Review 19(1): 76–90. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Casey, A (2014) Models-based practice: Great white hope or white elephant? Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 19(1): 18–34. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cohen, L, Manion, L, Morrison, K (2007) Research Methods in Education. London: Routledge Falmer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Creswell, JW (2002) Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Cruz, A (2004) Teachers’ and students’ perception of teaching game for understanding approach in physical education lessons. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation 10(2): 57–66. Google Scholar | |
|
Curtner-Smith, MD (1996) The impact of an early field experience on preservice physical education teachers’ conceptions of teaching. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 15(2): 224–250. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Curtner-Smith, MD (1997) The impact of biography, teacher education, and organisational socialization on the perspectives and practices of first-year physical education teachers: Case studies of recruits with coaching orientations. Sport, Education and Society 2(1): 73–94. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Curtner-Smith, MD, Sofo, S (2004) Preservice teachers’ conceptions of teaching within sport education and multi-activity units. Sport, Education and Society 9(3): 347–377. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Curtner-Smith, MD, Hastie, PA, Kinchin, GD (2008) Influence of occupational socialization on beginning teachers’ interpretation and delivery of sport education. Sport, Education and Society 13(1): 97–117. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dempsey, NP (2010) Stimulated-recall interviews in ethnography. Qualitative Sociology 33(3): 349–367. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Evans, J (1992) A short paper about people, power and educational reform. Authority and representation in ethnographic research subjectivity, ideology and educational reform: The case for physical education. In: Sparkes, A (ed) Research in Physical Education and Sport: Exploring Alternative Visions. London: Falmer Press, pp.231–247. Google Scholar | |
|
Flanagan, JC (1954) The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4): 327–358. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Fuller, FF (1969) Concerns of teachers: A developmental conceptualization. American Education Research Journal 6(2): 207–226. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gratton, C, Jones, I (2004) Research Methods for Sport Studies. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Griffin, LL, Patton, K (2005) Two decades of teaching games for understanding: Looking at the past, present, and future In: Griffin, L, Butler, J (eds) Teaching Games for Understanding: Theory, Research, and Practice. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics, pp.1–17. Google Scholar | |
|
Griffin, LL, Sheehy, DA (2004) Using the tactical games model to develop problem-solvers in physical education. In: Wright, J, MacDonald, D, Burrows, L (eds) Critical Inquiry and Problem-Solving in Physical Education. London: Routledge, pp.33–48. Google Scholar | |
|
Griffin, LL, Mitchell, SA, Oslin, JL (1997) Teaching Sport Concepts and Skills: A Tactical Games Approach. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Groundwater-Smith, S, Mockler, N (2009) From lesson study to learning study: Side-by-side professional learning in the classroom. In: Campbell, A, Groundwater-Smith, S (eds) Connecting Inquiry and Professional Learning in Education: International Perspectives and Practical Solutions. London: Routledge, pp.166–178. Google Scholar | |
|
Gurvitch, R, Lund, JL, Metzler, MW (2008) Chapter 1: Researching the adoption of model-based-instruction-context and chapter summaries. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 27(4): 449–456. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Harvey, S, Jarrett, K (2014) A review of the game-centred approaches to teaching and coaching literature since 2006. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 19(3): 278–300. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jones, R, Cope, E (2011) Teaching games for understanding: An inclusive teaching model. In: Hardman, K, Green, K (eds) Contemporary Issues in Physical Education: International Perspectives. Maidenhead: Meyer and Meyer Sport (UK) Limited, pp.122–141. Google Scholar | |
|
Kirk, D (2010) Physical Education Futures. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Kirk, D, MacPhail, A (2009) Teaching games for understanding and situated learning: Rethinking the Bunker-Thorpe model. In: Bailey, R, Kirk, D (eds) The Routledge physical education reader. Oxford: Routledge, pp.269–283. Google Scholar | |
|
Launder, AG (2001) Play Practice: The Games Approach to Teaching and Coaching Sports. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
|
Lawson, HA (1983) Toward a model of teacher socialization in physical education: The subjective warrant, recruitment, and teacher education (part 1). Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 2(3): 3–16. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lawson, HA (1986) Occupational socialization and the design of teacher education programs. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 5(2): 107–116. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Light, R (2002) The social nature of games: Australian pre-service primary teachers’ first experiences of teaching games for understanding. European Physical Education Review 8(3): 286–304. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Light, R (2004) Coaches’ experiences of game sense: Opportunities and challenges. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 9(2): 115–131. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Light, R, Butler, J (2005) A personal journey: TGfU teacher development in Australia and the USA. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 10(3): 241–254. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Light, R, Georgakis, S (2005) ‘Taking away the scary factor’: Female preservice primary school teachers’ responses to game sense pedagogy in physical education. In: Brew, A, Asmar, C (eds) Higher education in a changing world. Research and development in higher education, 28. Proceedings of the 2005 HERDSA Annual Conference, 3–6 July 2005 Sydney, Australia, pp.260–266. Google Scholar | |
|
Lincoln, YS, Guba, EG (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Livingston, K (2012) Approaches to professional development of teachers in Scotland: Pedagogical innovation or financial necessity? Educational Research (54)2: 161–172. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lortie, DC (1975) School Teacher: A Sociological Study. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Lund, JL, Gurvitch, R, Metzler, MW (2008) Chapter 7: Influences on cooperating teachers adoption of model-based instruction. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 27(4): 457–465. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McCaughtry, N, Sofo, S, Rovegno, I. (2004) Learning to teach sport education: Misunderstandings, pedagogical difficulties and resistance. European Physical Education Review 10(2): 135–55. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
McMahon, E, MacPhail, A (2007) Learning to teach sport education: The experiences of a pre-service teacher. European Physical Education Review 13(2): 229–246. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Markula, P, Silk, M (2011) Qualitative Research for Physical Culture. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mason, J (2002) Qualitative Researching. London: Sage Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Mendez, A, Valero, A, Casey, A (2010) What are we being told about teaching games? A three dimensional analysis of comparative research into different instructional studies in physical education and school sports. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte 18(6): 37–56. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Metzler, MW (2011) Instructional Models for Physical Education. Scottsdale, AZ: Holcomb Hathway. Google Scholar | |
|
Nash, M (2009) Using the idea of ‘communities of practice’ and TGfU to develop physical education pedagogy among primary generalist pre-service teachers. Asian Journal of Exercise and Sports Science 6(1): 15–21. Google Scholar | |
|
Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) (2001) Secondary Subject Reports 2000/01: Physical Education. London: HMI. Google Scholar | |
|
Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) (2004) Ofsted Subject Reports 2002/03: Physical Education in Secondary Schools. London: Ofsted. Google Scholar | |
|
Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) (2009) Physical Education in Schools 2005/08. Available at: http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/318/1/Physical%20education%20in%20schools%202005_08.pdf (accessed 4 December 2011). Google Scholar | |
|
O’Leary, N (2014) Learning informally to use teaching games for understanding: The experiences of a recently qualified teacher. European Physical Education Review 20(3): 367–384. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
O’Leary, N, Wattison, N, Edwards, T. (2014) Closing the theory practice gap: Physical education students’ use of jigsaw learning in a secondary school. Available at: http://epe.sagepub.com/content/early/recent (accessed 2 December 2014). Google Scholar | |
|
O’Sullivan, M (2007) Creating and sustaining communities of practice among physical education professionals. Journal of Physical Education New Zealand 40(1): 10–18. Google Scholar | |
|
O’Sullivan, M, Tsangaridou, N (1992) What undergraduate physical education majors learn during an early field experience. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 63(4): 381–392. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ovens, A, Dyson, B, Smith, W (2012) Implementing the cooperative learning model in physical education: The experience of New Zealand teachers. In: Dyson, B, Casey, A (eds) Cooperative learning in Physical Education. A Research-Based Approach. London: Routledge, pp.15–26. Google Scholar | |
|
Padgett, DK (1998) Qualitative Methods in Social Work Research: Challenges and Rewards. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Patton, MQ (2002) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. London: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Penney, D, Waring, M (2000) The absent agenda: Pedagogy and physical education. Journal of Sport Pedagogy 6(1): 4–36. Google Scholar | |
|
Pill, S (2011) Teacher engagement with teaching games for understanding game sense in physical education. Journal of Physical Education and Sport 11(2): 115–123. Google Scholar | |
|
Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) (2007a) Physical Education: Programme of Study for Key Stage 3. London: QCA. Google Scholar | |
|
Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) (2007b) Physical Education: Programme of Study for Key Stage 4. London: QCA. Google Scholar | |
|
Richards, KAR, Templin, TJ (2011) The influence of a state mandated induction assistance program on the socialization of a beginning physical education teacher. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 30(4): 340–357. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Richards, KAR, Templin, TJ, Graber, K (2014) The socialization of teachers in physical education: Review and recommendations for future works. Kinesiology Review 3(2): 113–134. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rossi, T, Fry, JM, McNeill, M. (2007) The games concept approach (GCA) as a mandated practice: Views of Singaporean teachers. Sport, Education and Society 12(1): 93–111. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schempp, PG (1989) Apprenticeship-of-observation and the development of physical education teachers. In: Templin, TJ, Schempp, PG (eds) Socialization into Physical Education: Learning to Teach. Indianapolis: Benchmark Press, pp.13–38. Google Scholar | |
|
Schempp, PG, Graber, KC (1992) Teacher socialization from a dialectical perspective: Pretraining through induction. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 11(4): 329–348. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Stake, RE (2000) Case Studies. In: Denzin, NK, Lincoln, YS (eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage Publications, pp.877–898. Google Scholar | |
|
Stolz, S, Pill, S (2014) Teaching games and sport for understanding: Exploring and reconsidering its relevance in physical education. European Physical Education Review 20(1): 36–71. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Stran, M, Curtner-Smith, M (2009) Influence of occupational socialization on two preservice teachers’ interpretation and delivery of the sport education model. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 28(1): 38–53. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Stroot, SA, Ko, B (2006) Induction of beginning physical educators into the school setting. In: Kirk, D, Macdonald, D, O’Sullivan, M (eds) The Handbook of Physical Education. London: Sage Publications, pp.425–448. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Thomas, DR (2006) A general inductive approach for analysing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation 27(2): 237–246. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Thorpe, R, Bunker, D, Almond, L (1984) A change in focus for the teaching of games. In: Pieron, M, Graham, G (eds) Sport Pedagogy. Olympic Scientific Congress Proceedings, Vol. 6. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, pp.163–169. Google Scholar | |
|
Van Maanen, J, Schein, EH (1979) Toward a theory of organisational socialization. In: Shaw, B (ed) Research into Organisational Behaviour. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp.209–261. Google Scholar | |
|
Wang, CL, Ha, A (2009) Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of teaching games for understanding: A Hong Kong perspective. European Physical Education Review 15(3): 407–429. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Ward, G (2009) Teaching invasion games: A proposal for consistency in the exploration of principles, tactical problems and skills. Physical Education Matters 4(4): 24–27. Google Scholar | |
|
Ward, G, Griggs, G (2011) Principles of play: A proposed framework towards a holistic overview of games in primary physical education. Education 3-13 39(5): 499–516. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wenger, E (1998) Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wright, S, McNeill, M, Fry, JM (2009) The tactical approach to teaching games from teaching, learning and mentoring perspectives. Sport, Education and Society 14(2): 223–244. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Zeichner, KM, Gore, JM (1990) Teacher socialization. In Houston, WR (ed) Handbook of Research on Teacher Education. New York: MacMillan, pp.329–348. Google Scholar | |
|
Zeichner, KM, Tabachnik, NR (1981) Are the effects of university teacher education “washed out” by school practice? Journal of Teacher Education 32(3): 7–11. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
