Abstract
There has been much international concern about the present and future status of school physical education. Recent research has employed surveys or case studies to examine the status of physical education but there is a dearth of in-depth physical education curriculum document analysis. The aim of this study is to contribute to the international discussion about physical education curricula by expanding upon previous interpretations of Canada’s physical education curricula and addressing additional aspects that may have been overlooked. Results of an analysis of Canada’s 10 provincial physical education curricula reveal trends and themes related to instructional time allocations, curricular aim statements, curricular organizing categories and learning outcome statements. While the stated aim of physical education curricula in Canada is focused on healthy, active living, there is evidence that the specific content of the learning outcome statements are more focused on movement skills, games and sport technique. This contradiction sparks further discussion about the philosophical and theoretical underpinnings of physical education curricula and the importance of understanding what has, is, and perhaps should be influencing decisions about curriculum development throughout the world.
|
Active for Life (2015) Margaret Whitehead on Physical Literacy, the Term she Invented. Available at: http://activeforlife.com/margaret-whitehead-interview/ (accessed 16 February 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Active Healthy Kids Canada (2007) Older but not Wiser: Canada’s Future at Risk. Canada’s Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth–2007. Toronto: Active Healthy Kids Canada. Google Scholar | |
|
Alberta Education (2015) Program Update: Wellness Education. Available at: http://education.alberta.ca/teachers/program/pe/program-update.aspx (accessed 16 February 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Arnold, P (1979) Meaning in Movement, Sport and Physical Education. London: Heinemann. Google Scholar | |
|
Barroso, CS, McCullum-Gomez, C, Hoelscher, DM (2005) Self-reported barriers to quality physical education by physical education specialists in Texas. Journal of School Health 75(8): 313–319. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Beddoes, Z, Prusak, K, Hall, A (2014) Overcoming marginalization of physical education in America’s schools. Journal of Physical Education Recreation and Dance 85(4): 21–27. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
British Columbia Ministry of Education (2006) Physical Education K to 7: Integrated Resource Package. Victoria, British Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Education, p.11. Available at: www.bced.gov.bc.ca/irp/pdfs/physical_education/2006pek7.pdf (accessed 11 December 2013). Google Scholar | |
|
Chorney, D, Kilborn, M (2 6, 2013) Exploring the landscape of quality physical education in Canada. Presentation at Canadian Society for the Study of Education Conference, Victoria, BC. Google Scholar | |
|
Cosentino, F, Howell, M (1971) A History of Physical Education in Canada. Toronto: General Publishing Company. Google Scholar | |
|
Creswell, JW (2009) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (3rd Ed). Los Angeles: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Curtner-Smith, M (1999) The more things change the more they stay the same: Factors influencing teachers’ interpretations and delivery of national curriculum physical education. Sport, Education and Society 4(1): 75–97. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dodds, P, Locke, L (1984) Is physical education in American schools worth saving? Evidence, alternatives, judgment. In: Struna, NL (ed) National Association of Physical Education in Higher Education Proceedings (Vol. 5). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, pp.76–90. Google Scholar | |
|
Dunn, JM (2009) The times are a changing: Implications for kinesiology. Quest 61(3): 269–277. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Esses, VM, Gardner, RC (1996) Multiculturalism in Canada: Context and current status. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 28(3): 145–152. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Fereday, J, Muir-Cochrane, E (2006) Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 5(1): 1–11. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Forbes, S, Livingston, L (2012) Roots, rifts, and reorientations: Rediscovering our field’s common community of inquiry. In: Singleton, E, Varpalotai, A (eds) Pedagogy in Motion. London, ON: The Althouse Press, pp.61–87. Google Scholar | |
|
Francis, N, Lathrop, A (2011) “Children who drill, seldom are ill.” Drill, movement and sport: The rise and fall of a female tradition in Ontario elementary physical education (1850s to 2000). Historical Studies in Education 23(1): 61–80. Google Scholar | |
|
Francis, N, Lathrop, A (2014) “Here we go round the Mulberry Bush”: Problematizing “progress” in Ontario’s elementary school dance curriculum: 1900 to 2000. Journal of Dance Education 14: 27–34. Google Scholar | |
|
Gibbons, S, Wharf-Higgins, J, Gaul, C. (1999) Listening to female students in high school physical education. Avante 5(2): 1–20. Google Scholar | |
|
Government of Canada (2015a) How government works. Available at: www.canada.ca/en/gov/system/ (accessed 20 February 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Government of Canada (2015b) Education in Canada. Available at: www.cic.gc.ca/english/newcomers/after-education.asp?_ga=1.194909869.1874446491.1423934168 (accessed 20 February 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Government of Ontario (2010) Release of interim curriculum policy document on health and physical education. Available at: http://news.ontario.ca/edu/en/2010/06/release-of-interim-curriculum-policy-document-on-health-and-physical-education.html (accessed 4 March 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Government of Ontario (2015) Ontario releases updated health & physical education curriculum, parent resources. Available at: http://news.ontario.ca/edu/en/2015/02/ontario-releases-updated-health-physical-education-curriculum-parent-resources.html (accessed 4 March 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Government of Prince Edward Island (2015) Department of Education and Early Childhood Development: Health and physical education. Available at: www.gov.pe.ca/eecd/index.php3?number=1051678& (accessed 20 February 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Gurney, H (1983) The CAHPER story, 1933–1983. Ottawa, ON: The Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Google Scholar | |
|
Hardman, K (2008) The situation of physical education in schools: A European perspective. Human Movement 9(1): 5–18. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hardman, K (2013) Global issues in physical education: Worldwide physical education survey III findings. International Journal of Physical Education 50(3): 15–28. Google Scholar | |
|
Hardman, K, Marshall, J (2000) The state and status of physical education in schools in international context. European Physical Education Review 6(3): 203–227. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Hardman, K, Marshall, J (2005) Update on the state and status of physical education world-wide. In: International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education 2nd world summit on physical education, Switzerland, 2–3 December 2005. Available at: www.icsspe.org/content/2nd-world-summit-physical-education-0 (accessed 23 January 2014). Google Scholar | |
|
Hart, M (2008) Critical reflections on an aboriginal approach to helping. In: Gray, M, Coates, J, Yellow Bird, M (eds) Indigenous Social Work Around the World: Towards Culturally Relevant Education and Practice. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, pp.59–70. Google Scholar | |
|
Hickson, C, Robinson, D, Berg, S. (2012) Active in the North community physical activity programming in Canada. International Journal of Physical Education XLIX(2): 16–30. Google Scholar | |
|
Jewett, A, Bain, L (1985) The Curriculum Process in Physical Education. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown. Google Scholar | |
|
Kabat-Zinn, J (1990) Full Catastrophe Living. New York: Random House. Google Scholar | |
|
Kilborn, M (2012) Kindergarten to grade 12 wellness education in Alberta: Health and physical education curriculum. Physical and Health Education Journal 78(1): 15–21. Google Scholar | |
|
Kilborn, M (2014) (Re)conceptualizing curriculum in (physical) education: Focused on wellness and guided by wisdom. PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, Canada. Google Scholar | |
|
Kirk, D (2010) Physical Education Futures. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Lathrop, A, Francis, N (2011) Children who drill, seldom are ill: The rise and fall of the ‘female tradition’ in Ontario elementary school physical education curriculum; 1890–1990. Historical Studies in Education 23(1): 61–80. Google Scholar | |
|
Lawson, HA (1998) Here today, gone tomorrow? A framework for analyzing the development, transformation, and disappearance of helping fields. Quest 50(2): 225–237. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lawson, H (2009) Paradigms, exemplars and social change. Sport, Education and Society 14: 77–100. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Locke, L (1992) Changing secondary school physical education. Quest 44: 361–372. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Luke, MD (2000) Physical and health education curriculum: Cross-Canada perspectives. CAHPERD Journal 66(2): 4–12. Google Scholar | |
|
Lynch, T (2014) Australian curriculum reform II: Health and physical education. European Physical Education Review 20(4): 508–524. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
McCuaig, L, Quennerstedt, M, Macdonald, D (2013) A salutogenic, strengths-based approach as a theory to guide HPE curriculum change. Asia-Pacific Journal of Health, Sport and Physical Education 4(2): 109–125. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Macdonald, D, Brooker, R (1997) Moving beyond the crises in secondary physical education: An Australian initiative. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 16(2): 155–175. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Maclean, J, Mulholland, R, Gray, S. (2015) Enabling curriculum change in physical education: The interplay between policy constructors and practitioners. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 20(1): 79–96. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mandigo, J, Francis, N, Lodewyk, K. (2009) Physical literacy for educators. Physical and Health Education Journal 75(3): 27–30. Google Scholar | |
|
Martens, F (1986) Basic Concepts of Physical Education: The Foundations in Canada. Champaign: Stipes. Google Scholar | |
|
Miles, M, Huberman, A (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Northwest Territories Education, Culture and Employment (2004) Administrator’s Overview: K–12 Physical Education. Available at: www.ece.gov.nt.ca/files/K-12/Curriculum/physical-education/Administrators%20Handbook%20nov.pdf (accessed 28 April 2014). Google Scholar | |
|
Online Etymology Dictionary (2015) Health. Available at: http://www.etymonlinecom/index.php?search=health&searchmode=none (accessed 20 January 2014). Google Scholar | |
|
Onofre, M, Marques, A, Moreira, AR. (2012a) Physical education and sport in Europe: From individual reality to collective desirability (Part 1). International Journal of Physical Education 49(2): 31–35. Google Scholar | |
|
Onofre, M, Marques, A, Moreira, AR. (2012b) Physical education and sport in Europe: From individual reality to collective desirability (Part 2). International Journal of Physical Education 49(3): 17–30. Google Scholar | |
|
Ontario Ministry of Education (2010) The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 1-8: Health and Physical Education. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Education, p.3. Available at: www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/curriculum/elementary/healthcurr18.pdf (accessed 10 December 2013). Google Scholar | |
|
Penney, D (2008) Playing a political game and playing for position: Policy and curriculum development in health and physical education. European Physical Education Review 14(1): 33–49. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Rivard, MC, Beaudoin, C (2005) Physical education in Canada. In: Puhse, U, Gerber, M (eds) International Comparison of Physical Education. Concept – Problems – Prospects. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Verlag, pp.150–173. Google Scholar | |
|
Rossi, T, Tinning, R, McCuaig, L. (2009) With best intentions: A critical discourse analysis of physical education curriculum materials. Journal of Teaching Physical Education 28: 75–89. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sanders, S, McCrum, D (1999) “Peaks of excellence, valleys of despair”: What is the future of physical education? Teaching Elementary Physical Education 10(1): 3–4. Google Scholar | |
|
Statistics Canada (2013) Canada’s Total Population Estimates, 2013. Available at: www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130926/dq130926a-eng.pdf (accessed 10 February 2014). Google Scholar | |
|
Stier, WF, Kleinman, S, Milchrist, PA (1994) The future of physical education— Survival or extinction? Available at: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED383644.pdf (accessed 5 May 2014). Google Scholar | |
|
Tinning, R, Fitzclarence, L (1992) Postmodern youth culture and the crisis in Australian secondary school physical education. Quest 44(3): 287–303. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Whitehead, M (1990) Meaningful existence, embodiment and physical education. Journal of Philosophy of Education 24(1): 3–13. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Yukon Government (2014) Curriculum. Available at: www.education.gov.yk.ca/kto12/curriculum.html (accessed 28 April 2014). Google Scholar |

