![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between student grades and assessment for learning (AfL) in physical education. In educational literature, the focus on formative assessment has grown dramatically, partly because research indicates that good AfL is one of the most effective instructional tools to drive student learning forward. Therefore, a positive influence of AfL on students’ grades was hypothesised. The study employed a questionnaire of 1454 PE students (aged 15–19 years) from six upper secondary schools in Norway. Based on theory and factor analysis, a construct to map the experience with AfL was identified. A regression model was used to analyse the relationship between the construct and students’ grades, demonstrating that AfL is negatively associated with student grades. While the main finding is statistically small, the study also discusses the influence of other variables, possible explanations for the results and related implications.
References
Section:
|
Annerstedt, C (2010) Karaktersetting i kroppsøving: Problematisk, urettferdig og neppe likeverdig [Grading in physical education: Problematic, unfair and probably inequal]. In: Steinsholt, K, Gurholt, KP (eds) Aktive liv: Idrettspedagogiske perspektiver på kropp, bevegelse og dannelse. Trondheim: Tapir, pp.233–254. Google Scholar | |
|
Annerstedt, C, Larsson, S (2010) ‘I have my own picture of what the demands are…’ Grading in Swedish PEH – problems of validity, comparability and fairness. European Physical Education Review 16(2): 97–115. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Arnesen, TE, Nilsen, AK, Leirhaug, PE (2013) ‘Den læreplanen som ikkje kan tilpassast mi undervisning, finst ikkje.’ Vurdering og undervisning i kroppsøving etter Kunnskapsløftet [Assessment and teaching in physical education after the Knowledge Promotion Act 2006 ]. Tidsskriftet FOU i praksis 7(3): 9–32. Google Scholar | |
|
Assessment Reform Group (2002) Assessment for learning: 10 principles. Available at: http://assessmentreformgroup.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/10principles_english.pdf (accessed 14 December 2012). Google Scholar | |
|
Bennet, RE (2011) Formative assessment: a critical review. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 18(1): 5–25. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Berry, R (2010) Teachers’ orientations towards selecting assessment strategies. New Horizons in Education 58(1): 96–107. Google Scholar | |
|
Black, P, Wiliam, D (1998a) Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 5(1): 7–73. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Black, P, Wiliam, D (1998b) Inside the black box: Raising standards through classroom assessment. Phi Delta Kappan 80(2): 139–148. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Bryman, A (2012) Social research methods. 4th ed. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Carless, D (2010) Prospects of implementing assessment for learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 12(1): 39–54. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Carrol, B (1994) Assessment in Physical Education: A Teacher’s Guide to the Issues. London: Falmer. Google Scholar | |
|
Chan, K, Hay, P, Tinning, R (2011) Understanding the pedagogic discourse of assessment in Physical Education. Asia-Pacific Journal of Health, Sport and Physical Education 2(1): 3–19. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Chatzopoulos, D, Erdmann, R, Tsormbatzoudis, H (2006) Pupils’ grading: Do teachers grade according to the way they report? International Journal of Physical Education 43(1): 4–10. Google Scholar | |
|
Dale, EL (2008). Fellesskolen – Reproduksjon av Sosial Ulikhet [One School for All – Reproduction of Social Inequality]. Oslo: Cappelen. Google Scholar | |
|
Ding, H, Sun, H, Chen, A (2013) Impact of expectancy-value and situational interest motivation specificity on physical education outcomes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 32(3): 253–269. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dunn, KE, Mulvenon, SW (2009) A critical review of research on formative assessment: The limited scientific evidence of the impact of formative assessment in education. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 14(7): 1–11. Google Scholar | |
|
Dyson, B (2014) Quality physical education: A commentary on effective physical education teaching. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 85(2): 144–152. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Eide, LH (2011) Vurdering for læring i kroppsøving [Assessment for learning in physical education]. Master’s Thesis, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway. Google Scholar | |
|
Engvik, G (2010) Elevvurdering i faget kroppsøving – Noen utfordringer. [Student assessment in physical education – Some challenges.] In: Dobsen, S, Engh, R (eds) Vurdering for Læring i Fag. Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget, pp.201–213. Google Scholar | |
|
Ericsson, I (2011) Effects of increased physical activity on motor skills and marks in physical education: an intervention study in school years 1 through 9 in Sweden. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 16(3): 313–329. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Field, A (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. 4th ed. London: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Gardner J (ed) (2012) Assessment and Learning. 2nd ed. London: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Georgakis, S, Wilson, R (2012) Australian physical education and school sport: An exploration into contemporary assessment. Asian Journal of Exercise & Sport Science 9(1): 37–52. Google Scholar | |
|
Green, K (2008) Understanding Physical Education. London: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Harlen, W (2012) On the relationship between assessment for formative and summative purposes. In: Gardner, J (ed) Assessment and Learning. 2nd ed. London: Sage, pp.87–102. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hattie, J (2009) Visible Learning. A Synthesis of over 800 Meta-analysis Relating to Achievement. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Hattie, J, Timperley, H (2007) The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research 77(1): 81–112. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hay, P (2006) Assessment for learning in physical education. In: Kirk, D, Macdonald, D, O’Sullivan, M (eds) The Handbook of Physical Education. London: Sage, pp.312–325. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hay, P, Macdonald, D (2008) (Mis)appropriations of criteria and standards referenced assessment in a performance-based subject. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 15(2): 153–168. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hay, P, Penney, D (2013) Assessment in Physical Education. A Sociocultural Perspective. New York/Oxon: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Jakkola, TT, Sääkslahti, A, Yli-Piipari, S. (2013) Student motivation associated with fitness testing in the physical education context. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 32(3): 270–286. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Klapp Lekholm, A (2008) Grades and grade assignment: Effects of student and school characteristics. Göteborg Studies in Educational Sciences, Vol. 269. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. Google Scholar | |
|
Klenowski, V, Wyatt-Smith, C (2014) Assessment for Education: Standards, Judgments and Moderation. London: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Klomsten, AT (2013) Hvordan organiseres kroppsøvingsfaget i norske skoler: Kjønnsblandet eller kjønnsdelt? [How is the teaching of boys and girls organized in Norwegian physical education?] Tidsskriftet FOU i praksis 7(3): 59–82. Google Scholar | |
|
Larsson, H, Redelius, K (eds) (2004) Mellan nytta och nöje: bilder av ämnet idrott och hälsa. [Between Benefit and joy: Pictures of the Subject PE and Health.] Stockholm: GIH. Google Scholar | |
|
Leirhaug, PE, MacPhail, A (2015) ‘It’s the other assessment that is the key’: three Norwegian physical education teachers’ engagement (or not) with assessment for learning. Sport, Education and Society 20(5): 624–640. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
MacPhail, A, Halbert, J (2010) ‘We had to do intelligent thinking during recent PE’: Students’ and teachers’ experiences of assessment for learning in post-primary physical education. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 17(1): 23–39. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Matenin, M, Tannehill, D (1994) Assessment and grading in physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 13(4): 395–405. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McMillan, JH (2003) Understanding and improving teachers’ classroom assessment decision-making: Implications for theory and practice. Educational Measurement: Issues and practice 22(4): 34–43. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Melograno, VJ (2007) Grading and report cards for standard-based physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 78(6): 45–53. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Muijs, D (2011) Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS. 2nd ed. London: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Møller, J, Prøitz, TS, Aasen, P (eds) (2009) Kunnskapsløftet – tung bør å bære [the Knowledge Promotion – an evaluation report]. Report 42/09. Oslo: NIFU STEP. Google Scholar | |
|
Nordenbo, SE, Larsen, MS, Tiftikçi, N. (2008) Lærerkompetanser og elevers læring i førskole og skole. [Teacher Competence and Students’ Learning in Schools.] København: Dansk Clearinghouse for Uddannelsesforskning. Google Scholar | |
|
Palm, T (2014) Assessing with Foucault. A critical study of assessment in physical education. Master’s Thesis, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway. Google Scholar | |
|
Peev, OD (2001) Nasjonal standard i vurderingen – realitet, visjon eller luftspeiling? [National standard in assessment – reality or not?]. Master’s Thesis, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway. Google Scholar | |
|
Penney, D, Brooker, R, Hay, P. (2009) Curriculum, pedagogy and assessment: Three message systems of Schooling and dimensions of quality physical education. Sport, Education and Society 14(4): 421–444. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Pryor, J, Crossouard, B (2008) A socio-cultural theorisation of formative assessment. Oxford Review of Education 34(1): 1–20. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Prøitz, TS, Borgen, JS (2010) Rettferdig standpunktvurdering – det (u)muliges kunst? [Fair grading – an (im)possible art?]. Report 16/2010. Oslo: NIFU STEP. Google Scholar | |
|
Pühse, U, Gerber, M (eds) (2005) International Comparison of Physical Education: Concepts, Problems, Prospects. Oxford: Meyer & Meyer Sport. Google Scholar | |
|
Redelius, K, Hay, P (2009) Defining, acquiring and transacting cultural capital through assessment in physical education. European Physical Education Review 15(3): 275–294. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Redelius, K, Hay, P (2012) Student views on criterion-referenced assessment and grading in Swedish physical education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 17(2): 211–225. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ringdal, K (2013) Enhet og mangfold. Samfunnsvitenskaplig forskning og kvantitativ metode [Oneness and manyfold. Social science and quantitative method]. 3rd ed. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget. Google Scholar | |
|
Ryan, RM, Deci, EL (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist 55(1): 68–78. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Sadler, DR (1998) Formative assessment: Revisiting the territory. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 5(1): 77–85. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sandvik, LV, Engvik, G, Fjørtoft, H. (2012) Vurdering i skolen. Intensjoner og forståelser – Delrapport 1. [Assessment in the School. Intentions and understandings – Report 1.] Trondheim: NTNU. Available at: http://www.udir.no/Upload/Rapporter/2012/fivis.pdf?epslanguage=no (accessed 14 December 2012). Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, K (2009) Samspillet mellom vurdering og motivasjon. [The interplay between assessment and motivation.] In: Dobson, S, Eggen, A, Smith, K (eds) Vurdering, prinsipper og praksis. Oslo: Gyldendal, pp.23–39. Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, K (2011) Professional development of teachers – A prerequisite for AfL to be successfully implemented in the classroom. Studies in Educational Evaluation 37(1): 55–61. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Steffensen, K, Ziade, SE (2008) Skoleresultater 2008: En kartlegging av karakterer fra grunnskoler og videregående skoler i Norge. [School results 2008: A study of grades in Norwegian schools.] Report 2009/23. Kongsvinger: Statistics Norway. Google Scholar | |
|
Svennberg, L, Meckbach, J, Redelius, K (2014) Exploring PE teachers’ ‘gut feelings’: An attempt to verbalise and discuss teachers’ internalised grading criteria. European Physical Education Review 20(2): 199–214. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Thorburn, M (2008) Articulating a Merleau-Pontian phenomenology of physical education: The quest for active student engagement and authentic assessment in high-stakes examination awards. European Physical Education Review 14(4): 263–280. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Tinning, R (2010) Pedagogy and Human Movement: Theory, Practice, Research. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Troullioud, DO, Sarrazin, PG, Martinek, JJ. (2002) The influence of teacher expectations on student achievement in physical education classes: Pygmalion revisited. European Journal of Social Psychology 32(5): 591–607. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Tveit, S (2014) Educational assessment in Norway. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 21(2): 221–237. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Utdanningsdirektoratet (2011) Grunnlagsdokument: Satsingen Vurdering for læring 2010-2014. [Background document: Assessment for learning 2010-2014.] Oslo: Utdanningsdirektoratet. Available at: http://www.udir.no/PageFiles/Vurdering%20for%20laring/Dokumenter/Nasjonal%20satsing/2/Grunnlagsdokument%20for%20satsingen%20Vurdering%20for%20l%c3%a6ring%20okt%20%2020111.pdf (accessed 18 July 2013). Google Scholar | |
|
van der Mars, H, Harvey, S (2010) Teaching and assessing racquet games using ‘play practice’. Part 2: Integrating assessment into teaching. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 81(5): 35–43. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Vinje, E (2008) Osloundersøkelsen om vurdering i kroppsøving [The Oslo Study of Assessment in Physical Education]. Nøtterøy: Ped-media AS. Google Scholar | |
|
Young, S (2011) A survey of student assessment practice in physical education. Strategies: A Journal for Physical and Sport Educators 24(6): 24–26. Google Scholar | |
|
Zhu, X (2015) Student perspectives of grading in physical education. European Physical Education Review. Epub ahead of print 10 February 2015. DOI: 10.1177/1356336X15569628. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |
