Abstract
Research among former Physical Education (PE) school students has demonstrated how fat phobia in PE classes is oppressive and makes it extremely difficult for most students to develop positive subjectivities. This study explores how a group of pre-service Health and Physical Education (HPE) specialist teachers from an Australian university construct fatness discourses. Taking a Foucauldian perspective, focusing particularly on the concepts of surveillance and normalisation, this paper explores the dominant discourses that pre-service HPE specialist teachers construct about fatness. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews (three interviews per participant) were conducted with 14 students (11 females and three males) aged between 18 and 26 at the time of the first interview. The results of a content analysis of the interview data suggest that students generally tend to classify certain bodies as ‘decent’ and ‘normal’, implying the existence of ‘indecent’ and ‘abnormal’ bodies. Participants also expressed a paternalistic approach and moral judgments towards people they considered to be fat. The results suggest that HPE specialist teachers have certain constructions of fatness that could be explored in their undergraduate degrees so as to minimise any possible ramifications for their teaching.
|
Aphramor, L, Gingras, J (2008) Sustaining imbalance – evidence of neglect in the pursuit of nutritional health. In: Riley, S. (eds) Critical Bodies. Representations, Identities and Practices of Weight and Body Management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.155–174. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Armstrong, D (1995) The rise of surveillance medicine. Sociology of Health and Illness 17(3): 393–404. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Baker, J (2008) The ideology of choice. Overstating progress and hiding injustice in the lives of young women: Findings from a study in North Queensland, Australia. Women’s Studies International Forum 31(1): 53–64. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Beck, U (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. New Delhi: Sage Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Beck, U (2006) Living in the world risk society. Economy and Society 35(3): 329–345. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bordo, S (1993) Unbearable Weight. Feminism, Western culture and the Body. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Botterill, L (2006) Leaps of faith in the obesity debate: A cautionary note for policy-makers. The Political Quarterly 77: 493–500. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Brink, P (1994) Stigma and obesity. Clinical Nursing Research 3(4): 291–293. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Brownell, K, Rodin, J (1994) The dieting maelstrom: Is it possible and advisable to lose weight? American Psychologist 49(9): 781–791. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Budd, R, Thorp, R, Donohew, L (1967) Content Analysis of Communications. New York: Macmillan. Google Scholar | |
|
Burns, M, Gavey, N (2008) Dis/orders of weight control: Bulimic and/or ‘healthy weight’ practices. In: Riley, S. (eds) Critical Bodies. Representations, Identities and Practices of Weight and Body Management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.139–154. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Burrows, L, Wright, J, Jungerson-Smith, J (2002) ‘Measure your belly’. New Zealand children’s constructions of health and fitness. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 22: 39–48. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Clark-Ibáñez, M (2007) Inner-city children in sharper focus. Sociology of childhood and photo elicitation interviews. In: Stanczak, G (ed.) Visual Reseach Methods. Image, Society, and Representation. New York: Sage Publications, pp.167–196. Google Scholar | |
|
Coffey, J (2015) ‘As long as I’m fit and a healthy weight, I don’t feel bad’: Exploring body work and health through the concept of ‘affect’. Journal of Sociology 51(3): 613–627. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Crawford, R (1980) Healthism and the medicalization of everyday life. International Journal of Health Services 10(3): 365–388. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Degher, D, Hughes, G (1999) The adoption and management of a “fat” identity. In: Sobal, J, Maurer, D (eds) Interpreting Weight. The Social Managment of Fatness and Thinnes. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp.11–28. Google Scholar | |
|
De, Melo-Martín I, Salles, A (2011) On disgust and human dignity. The Journal of Value Inquiry 45: 159–168. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Evans, J, Rich, E, Davies, B (2004) The Emperor’s new clothes: Fat, thin, and overweight. The social fabrication of risk and ill health. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 23: 372–391. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Evans, J, Rich, E, Allwood, R. (2008) Body pedagogies, P/policy, health and gender. British Educational Research Journal 34(3): 387–402. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ezzy, D (2002) Qualitative Analysis. Practice and Innovation. Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin. Google Scholar | |
|
Foucault, M (1978) The History of Sexuality (Vol. 1). New York: Pantheon Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Foucault, M (1979) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Gard, M (2001) Managing Uncertainty: Obesity discourses and physical education in a risk society. Studies in Philosophy and Education 20: 535–549. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gard, M (2011) The End of the Obesity Epidemic. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Gard, M, Wright, J (2005) The Obesity Epidemic: Science, Morality and Ideology. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Gauntlett, D, Holzwarth, P (2006) Creative and visual methods for exploring identities. Visual Studies 21(1): 82–91. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Giddens, A (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Gilleard, C (2002) Women, aging and body talk. In: Andersson, L (ed.) Cultural Gerontology. Westport: Auburn House, pp.139–160. Google Scholar | |
|
Goffman, E (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Harper, D (2002) Talking about pictures: A case for photo elicitation. Visual Studies 17(1): 13–26. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Harwood, V (2009) Theorizing biopedagogies. In: Wright, J, Harwood, V (eds) Biopolitics and the ‘Obesity Epidemic’. New York: Routledge, pp.15–30. Google Scholar | |
|
Howson, A (2004) The Body in Society. An Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Joanisse, L, Synnott, A (1999) Fighting back. Reactions and resistance to the stigma of obesity. In: Sobal, J, Maurer, D (eds) Interpreting Weight. The Social Management of Fatness and Thinness. New York: Walter de Gruyter, pp.49–70. Google Scholar | |
|
Kelly, P (2001) Youth at risk: Processes of individualisation and responsibility in the risk society. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 22: 23–33. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kirk, D, Colquhoun, D (1989) Healthism and physical education. British Journal of Sociology of Education 10(4): 417–434. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Leahy, D (2009) Disgusting pedagogies. In: Wright, J, Harwood, V (eds) Biopolitics and the ‘Obesity Epidemic’. New York: Routledge, pp.172–182. Google Scholar | |
|
Lupton, D (2015) The pedagogy of disgust: The ethical, moral and political implications of using disgust in public health campaigns. Critical Public Health 25(1): 4–14. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Macdonald, D, Kirk, D (1996) Private lives, public lives: Surveillance, identity and self in work of being physical education teachers. Sport, Education and Society 1(1): 59–75. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Macdonald, D, Hay, P, Williams, B (2008) Should you buy? Neo-liberalism, neo-HPE, and your neo-job. Journal of Physical Education New Zealand 48(3): 6–13. Google Scholar | |
|
Maine, M (2000) Body Wars. Making Peace with Women’s Bodies. Carlsbad, CA: Gürze Books. Google Scholar | |
|
McNay, L (1994) Foucault. A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
|
McTavish, D, Pirro, E (1990) Contextual content analysis. Quality and Quantity 24: 245–265. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McWhorter, L (1999) Bodies and Pleasures. Foucault and the Politics of Sexual Normalization. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Murray, S (2007) Corporal knowledges and deviant bodies: Perceiving the fat body. Social Semiotics 17(3): 361–373. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Murray, S (2009) Marked as ‘pathological’. ‘Fat’ bodies as virtual confessors. In: Wright, J, Harwood, V (eds) Biopolitics and the ‘Obesity Epidemic’. Governing Bodies. New York: Routledge, pp.78–90. Google Scholar | |
|
O’Dea, J, Abraham, S (2001) Knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors related to weight control, eating disorders, and body image in Australian trainee home economics and physical education teachers. Journal of Nutrition Education 33(6): 332–340. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Pieterman, R (2007) The social construction of fat: Care and control in the public concern for healthy behaviour. Sociology Compass 1(1): 309–321. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Powell, D, Fitzpatrick, K (2015) ‘Getting fit basically just means, like, nonfat’: Children’s lessons in fitness and fatness. Sport, Education and Society 20(4): 463–484. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Pringle, R, Pringle, D (2012) Competing obesity discourses and critical challenges for health and physical educators. Sport, Education and Society 17(2): 143–161. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Prosser, J (2007) Visual methods and the visual culture of schools. Visual Studies 22(1): 13–30. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rich, E, Evans, J (2008) Learning to be healthy, dying to be thin: The representation of weight via body perfection codes in schools. In: Riley, S. (eds) Critical Bodies. Representations, Identities and Practices of Weight and Body Management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.60–76. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Robinson, B, Bacon, J, O’Reilly, J (1993) Fat phobia: Measuring, understanding, and changing anti-fat attitudes. International Journal of Eating Disorders 14(4): 467–480. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Rose, G (2007) Visual Methodologies. An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Materials. London: Sage Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Rose, N (1999a) Governing the Soul. The Shaping of the Private Self. London: Free Association Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Rose, N (1999b) Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rosengren, K (1981) Advances in Scandinavia content analysis: An introduction. In: Rosengren, K (ed.) Advances in Content Analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, pp.9–19. Google Scholar | |
|
Ross, B (2005) Fat or fiction. Weighing the ‘obesity epidemic’. In: Gard, M, Wright, J (eds) The Obesity Epidemic: Science, Morality and Ideology. London: Routledge, pp.86–107. Google Scholar | |
|
Saldaña, J (2009) The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. London: Sage Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Sobal, J (1995) The medicalisation and demedicalisation of obesity. In: Maurer, D, Sobal, J (eds) Eating Agendas: Food and Nutrition as Social Problems. New York: Walter de Gruyer, pp.67–90. Google Scholar | |
|
Sparkes, A (1997) Ethnographic fiction and representing the absent other. Sport, Education and Society 2(1): 25–40. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Strauss, A, Corbin, J (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research. Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Sykes, H (2011) Queer Bodies. Sexualities, Gender, & Fatness in Physical Education. New York: Peter Lang. Google Scholar | |
|
Sykes, H, McPhail, D (2008) Unbearable lessons: Contesting fat phobia in physical education. Sociology of Sport Journal 25: 66–96. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Varea, V, Tinning, R (2014) Coming to know about the body in Human Movement Studies programmes. Sport, Education and Society. Epub ahead of print 13 November 2014. DOI: 10.1080/13573322.2014.979144. Google Scholar | |
|
Webb, L, McCaughtry, N, Macdonald, D (2004) Surveillance as a technique of power in physical education. Sport, Education and Society 9(2): 207–222. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Webb, L, Macdonald, D (2007) Techniques of power in physical education and the underepresentation of women in leadership. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 26: 279–297. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Webb, L, Quennerstedt, M, Öhman, M (2008) Healthy bodies: Construction of the body and health in physical education. Sport, Education and Society 13(4): 353–372. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Welch, R, Wright, J (2011) Tracing discourses of health and the body: Exploring pre-service primary teachers’ constructions of ‘healthy’ bodies. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education 39(3): 199–210. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wright, J (2009) Biopower, biopedagogies and the obesity epidemic. In: Wright, J, Harwood, V (eds) Biopolitics and the ‘Obesity Epidemic’. Governing Bodies. New York: Routledge, pp.1–14. Google Scholar | |
|
Yager, Z, O’Dea, J (2009) Body image, dieting and disordered eating and activity practices among teacher trainees: Implications for school-based health education and obesity prevention programs. Health Education Research 24(3): 472–482. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |

