Abstract
There are growing expectations on schools to promote health and physical activity and helping schools to effectively do so is considered a priority. This paper reports on selected findings from a research project that was concerned with supporting secondary schools in the effective promotion of physical activity and establishing their needs in this regard. Specifically, the paper explores secondary school teachers’ experiences of and perspectives on promoting physical activity. The study involved an online survey with secondary schools across the United Kingdom, plus interviews with teachers from eight schools from different regions in England. The findings highlighted a number of issues concerning the promotion of healthy, active lifestyles generally, many of which seem to be long-standing. For example, issues associated with the status and place of health, the amount and nature of the training and support provided or accessed by teachers in the area, and schools’ effectiveness in promoting and engaging all pupils in healthy, active lifestyles were identified. These findings led to questions regarding the extent to which teachers are adequately and appropriately equipped to effectively promote physical activity and to recommendations to improve the support for and practice of schools in this area.
|
Alfrey, L, Cale, L, Webb, L (2012) Physical education teachers’ continuing professional development in health related exercise. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 17(5): 477–491. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
All-Party Commission on Physical Activity (2014) Tackling physical inactivity - A coordinated approach. Available at: http://www.sportandrecreation.org.uk/sites/sportandrecreation.org.uk/files/web/APCOPA%20Final_0.pdf (accessed 22 December 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Armour, KM, Harris, J (2013) Making the case for developing new PE-for-health pedagogies. Quest 65(2): 201–219. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Armour, KM, Yelling, M (2002) ‘Talk and chalk’ or learning from ‘doing’: Continuing professional development for physical education teachers. British Journal of Physical Education 33: 40–42. Google Scholar | |
|
Arthur, S, Barnard, M, Day, N. (2011) Evaluation of the National Healthy Schools Programme. Final report. National Centre for Social Research for the Department of Health. Google Scholar | |
|
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012) The Health and Physical Education Curriculum F-10. Sydney: ACARA. Google Scholar | |
|
Ball, K, Timperio, AF, Crawford, DA (2006) Understanding environmental influences on nutrition and physical activity behaviours: Where should we look and what should we count? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 3: 33. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Blanchard, C, Shilton, T, Bull, F (2013) Global Advocacy for Physical Activity (GAPA): Global leadership towards a raised profile. Global Health Promotion 20(4) Suppl: 113–121. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Byrne, J, Speller, V, Dewhirst, S. (2012) Health promotion in pre-service teacher education: Effects of a pilot inter-professional curriculum change in the UK. Health Education 112(6) (on-line). Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cabinet Office (2014) Moving more, living more, the physical activity Olympic and Paralympic legacy for the nation. London: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Cale, L (2000) Physical activity promotion in secondary schools. European Physical Education Review 6(1): 71–90. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Cale, L, Harris, J (2005) (eds) Exercise and Young People. Issues, Implications and Initiatives.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cale, L, Harris, J (2013) Physical education and health: considerations and issues. In: Capel, S, Whitehead, M (eds) Debates in Physical Education. Oxon: Routledge, pp.74–88. Google Scholar | |
|
Cardon, G, De Bourdeaudhuij, I (2002) Physical education and physical activity in elementary schools in Flanders. European Journal of Physical Education 7(1): 5–18. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cardon, GM, Van Acker, R, Seghers, J. (2012) Physical activity promotion in schools: Which strategies do schools (not) implement and which socioecological factors are associated with implementation? Health Education Research 27(3): 470–483. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Castelli, D, Williams, L (2007) Health-related fitness and physical education teachers’ content knowledge. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 26(1): 3–19. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Charmaz, K (2000) Grounded Theory: Objectivist and Constructivist Methods. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln, YS (eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed). London: Sage, pp. 509–535. Google Scholar | |
|
Davidson, F (2007) Childhood obesity prevention and physical activity in schools. Health Education 107(4): 377–395. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Davison, KK, Birch, LL (2001) Childhood overweight: A conceptual model and recommendations for future research. Obesity Reviews 2(3): 159–171. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Department for Education . (2013) Programmes of Study for Physical Education. Key Stages 3 & 4. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/239086/SECONDARY_national_curriculum_-_Physical_education.pdf (accessed 22 December 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Deschesnes, M, Martin, C, Hill, AJ (2003) Comprehensive approaches to school health promotion: how to achieve broader implementation? Health Promotion International 18(4): 387–396. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Dey, I (1993) Qualitative Data Analysis: A User Friendly Guide for Social Scientists. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Evans, J (2007) Health education or weight management in schools? Cardiometabolic Risk and Weight Management 2(2): 12–16. Google Scholar | |
|
Evans, J, Rich, E, Davies, B. (2008) Education, Disordered Eating and Obesity Discourse. Fat Fabrications. Oxon: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Fairclough, S, Stratton, G (2005) Physical education makes you fit and healthy: Physical education’s contribution to young people’s physical activity levels. Health Education Research 20(1): 14–23. Google Scholar | |
|
Fox, K, Cooper, A, McKenna, J (2004) The school and promotion of children’s health-enhancing physical activity: Perspectives from the United Kingdom. Journal of Teaching Physical Education 23: 338–358. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Fox, K, Harris, J (2003) Promoting physical activity through schools. In: McKenna, J, Riddoch, C (eds) Perspectives on Health and Exercise. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.181–201. Google Scholar | |
|
Gard, M, Wright, J (2001) Managing uncertainty: Obesity discourses and physical education in a risk society. Studies in Philosophy and Education 20: 235–549. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Giroux, H (2004) Public pedagogy and the politics of neo-Liberalism: Making the political more pedagogical. Policy Futures in Education 2(3-4): 494–503. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Glaser, BG, Strauss, AL (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. California: Sociology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Green, K (2002) Physical education, lifelong participation and the work of Ken Roberts. Sport Education and Society 7(2): 167–182. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Green, K (2003) Physical Education Teachers on Physical Education: A Sociological Study of Philosophies and Ideologies. Chester: Chester Academic Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Green, K (2009) Exploring the everyday ‘philosophies’ of physical education teachers from a sociological perspective. In: Bailey, R, Kirk, D (eds) The Routledge Physical Education Reader. London: Routledge Taylor and Francis, pp.183–206. Google Scholar | |
|
Green, K, Thurston, M (2002) Physical education and health promotion: A qualitative study of teachers’ perceptions. Health Education 102(3): 113–123. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Harris, J (2010) Health-related physical education. In: Bailey, R (ed.) Physical Education for Learning: A Guide for Secondary Schools. London: Continuum, pp.26–36. Google Scholar | |
|
Harris, J, Cale, L, Musson, H (2010) The predicament of primary physical education: A consequence of ‘insufficient’ ITT and ‘ineffective’ CPD? Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 17(4): 367–381. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Harris, J, Leggett, G (2015) Influences on the expression of health within physical education curricula in secondary schools in England and Wales. Sport Education and Society, 20(7): 908–923. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Haug, E, Torsheim, T, Samdal, O (2009) Local school policies increase physical activity in Norwegian secondary schools. Health Promotion International 25(1): 63–72. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hodge, S, Ammah, J, Casebolt, K. (2004) High school general physical education teachers’ behaviours and beliefs associated with inclusion. Sport Education and Society 9(3): 300–317. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jourdan, D, McNamara, PM, Simar, C. (2010) Factors influencing the contribution of staff to health education in schools. Health Education Research 25(4): 519–530. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
King, AC, Stokols, D, Talen, E. (2002) Theoretical approaches to the promotion of physical activity: Forging a transdisciplinary paradigm. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 23: 15–25. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kirk, D (2010) Physical Education Futures. Oxon: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Kulinna, H, McCaughtry, N, Martin, JJ. (2008) The influence of professional development on teachers’ psychosocial perceptions of teaching a health-related physical education curriculum. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 27: 292–307. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Larsen, T, Tjomsland, H, Samdal, O (2013) Physical activity in schools. A qualitative case study of eight Norwegian schools’ experiences with the implementation of a national policy. Health Education 113(1): 52–63. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lee, A, Tsang, C, Lee, SH. (2003) A comprehensive ‘Healthy Schools Programme’ to promote school health: The Hong Kong experience in joining the efforts of health and education sectors. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 57: 174–177. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lee, S, Burgeson, C, Fulton, J. (2006) Physical education and physical activity: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006. Journal of School Health 77(8): 435–463. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Marks, R (2008) Schools and health education. What works, what is needed, and why? Health Education 109(1): 4–8. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McKenzie, T, Kahan, D (2004) Impact of the Surgeon General’s Report: Through the eyes of physical education teacher education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 23: 300–317. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McKenzie, TL (2007) The preparation of physical educators: a public health perspective. Quest 59: 346–357. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McMullen, J, Chroinin, D, Pogorzelska, M. (2015) International approaches to whole-of-school physical activity promotion. Quest 67: 384–399. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Morley, D, Bailey, R, Tan, J. (2005) Inclusive physical education: Teachers’ views of teaching children with special educational needs and disabilities in physical education. European Physical Education Review 11(1): 84–107. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) (2004) Moving into the Future: National Standards for Physical Education. 2nd ed. Reston, VA: NASPE. Google Scholar | |
|
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) . (2007) Physical Activity and Children. Review 3: The Views of Children on the Barriers and Facilitators to Participation in Physical Activity: A Review of Qualitative Studies. NICE Public Health Collaborating Centre: www.nice.org.uk. Google Scholar | |
|
Naylor, PI, Macdonald, HM, Warburton, DE. (2008) An active school model to promote physical activity in elementary schools: Action schools! BC. British Journal of Sports Medicine 42: 338–43. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ofsted (2006) Healthy Schools, Healthy Children? The Contribution of Education to Pupils’ Health and Well-being. London: Ofsted. Google Scholar | |
|
O’Sullivan, M (2004) Possibilities and pitfalls of a public health agenda for physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 23: 392–404. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Paakkari, L, Tynjala, P, Kannas, L (2010) Student teachers’ ways of experiencing the objective of health education as a school subject: A phenomenographic study. Teaching and Teacher Education 26(4): 931–948. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Penney, D, Jess, M (2004) Physical education and physically active lives: A lifelong approach to curriculum development. Sport, Education and Society 9(2): 269–287. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Puhse, U, Barker, D, Brettschneider, WD. (2011) International approaches to health-oriented physical education: Local health debates and differing conceptions of health. International Journal of Physical Education 3: 2–15. Google Scholar | |
|
Quennerstedt, M (2008) Exploring the relation between physical activity and health – A salutogenic approach to physical education. Sport, Education and Society 13(3): 276–283. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rich, E (2011) ‘I see her being obesed’: Public pedagogy, reality media and the obesity crisis. Health 15(1): 3–21. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Ritchie, J, Lewis, J (2003) Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. London: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Sallis, JF, Cervero, R, Asher, W. (2006) An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annual Review of Public Health 27: 297–322. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Salmon, J, Booth, ML, Phongsavan, P. (2007) Promoting physical activity participation among children and adolescents. Epidemiologic Reviews 29: 144–159. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Samdal, O, Rowling, L (2011) Theoretical and empirical base for implementation components of health promoting schools. Health Education 111(5): 367–390. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Shephard, RJ, Trudeau, F (2000) The legacy of physical education: Influences on adult lifestyle. Pediatric Exercise Science 12: 34–50. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Smith, A, Thomas, N (2006) Including pupils with special educational needs and disabilities in National Curriculum physical education: a brief review. European Journal of Special Needs Education 21(1): 69–83. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Speller, V, Byrne, J, Dewhirst, S. (2010) Developing trainee school teachers’ expertise as health promoters. Health Education 110(6): 490–507. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Spence, J, Lee, R (2003) Toward a comprehensive model of physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 4: 7–24. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Stratton, G, Fairclough, SJ, Ridgers, N (2008) Physical activity levels during the school day. In: Smith, AL, Biddle, SJH (eds) Youth Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Challenges and Solutions. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, pp.321–350. Google Scholar | |
|
St Leger, L (2004) What’s the place of schools in promoting health? Are we too optimistic? Health Promotion International 13(3): 405–408. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
St Leger, L, Nutbeam, D (2000) Research into health promoting schools. Journal of School Health 70(5): 257–259. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Tang, KC, Nutbeam, D, Aldinger, C. (2008) Schools for health education and development: A call for action. Health Promotion International 24(1): 68–77. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Till, J, Ferkins, L, Handcock, P (2011) Physical activity based professional development for teachers: The importance of whole school improvement. Health Education Journal 70(2): 225–235. Google Scholar | |
|
Timperio, A, Salmon, J, Ball, K. (2004) Evidence-based strategies to promote physical activity among children, adolescents and young adults: review and update. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 7: S20–S209. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Trost, S (2006) Public health and physical education. In: Kirk, D, O’Sullivan, M, Macdonald, D (eds) Handbook of Physical Education. London: SAGE, pp.63–187. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Vickerman, P (2012) Including children with special educational needs in physical education: Has entitlement and accessibility been realised? Disability and Society 27(2): 249–262. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wechsler, H, Devereaux, R, Davis, M. (2000) Using the school environment to promote physical activity and healthy eating. Preventive Medicine 31(supplement): S121–S137. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wright, J, Dean, R (2007) A balancing act. Problematising prescriptions about food and weight in school health texts. Journal of Didactics and Educational Policy 16(2): 75–94. Google Scholar |

