![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
This article examines the various claims made about sojourn children known as kaigaishijo and kikokushijo, or third culture kids (TCKs) in a Japanese context. Their image has shifted from educationally disadvantaged to internationally minded children with bilingual and bicultural abilities who can thrive in the era of globalization. The article also considers and further develops the multidimensional theoretical model originally proposed by Ebuchi to reflect more closely the sojourner and TCK lifestyles, on which empirical studies could be based.
|
Adler, P.S. (1975) `The transitional experience: an alternative view of culture shock'. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 15(4): 13—23. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Agar, M. (1994) `The intercultural frame'. International Journal of Interculturation Relations 18: 221—37. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Al-Ali N. and Koser, K. (2002) `Transnationalism, international migration and home', in N. Al-Ali and K. Koser (eds) New Approaches to Migration? Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Baker, C. (2001) Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism . Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. Google Scholar | |
|
Bauman, Z. (2005) Liquid Life. Cambridge: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bennett, J. (1977) `Transition Shock: Putting Culture Shock in Perspective' . International and Intercultural Communication Annual 4: 45—52. Google Scholar | |
|
Berry, J.W. (1997) `Immigration, acculturation and adaptation'. Applied Psychology: An International Review 46: 5—34. Google Scholar | |
|
Block, D. (2003) The Social Turn in Second Language Acquisition . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Block, D. and Cameron, D. , eds (2002) Globalization and Language Teaching . London: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bourhis, R.Y. , Moise, L.C. , Perreault, S. AND Senecal, S. (1997) `Towards an interactive acculturation model: a social psychological approach'. International Journal of Psychology 32(6): 369—86. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Britten, S.L. (2001) What is a TCK? Available at: http://www.tckworld.com/tckdefine.html (accessed 28 October 2001). Google Scholar | |
|
Campbell, A. (2000) `Cultural identity as a social construct'. Intercultural Education 11(1): 31—9. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Carlson, D. (1997) Being a Global Nomad: The Pros and Cons. Available at: http://worldweave.com/procon.htm (accessed 1 October 2001). Google Scholar | |
|
Cohen, E. (1972) `Toward a sociology of international tourism'. Social Research 39: 164—82. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Cottrell, A.B. (1999) `Personal manifestations of childhood border crossings: identity and personal traits of adult TCKs'. Paper presented at Phi Beta Delta 1999 Annual Conference , San Diego, CA. Google Scholar | |
|
Ebuchi, K. (1983) `Kodomotachi no ibunka sesshoku' [ `Children's cross-cultural contacts'], in T. Kobayashi (ed.) Ibunka ni Sodatsu Kodomotchi. Tokyo: Yuhikaku. Google Scholar | |
|
Ebuchi, K. (1994) Ibunkakan Kyoikugaku Josetsu [Introduction to Cross-cultural Education]. Tokyo: Kyushu Daigaku Shuppan Kai. Google Scholar | |
|
Faist, T. (2004) `The border-crossing expansion of social space: concepts, questions and topics', in T. Faist and E. Ozveren (eds) Transnational Social Spaces. Aldershot: Ashgate. Google Scholar | |
|
Fantini, A.F. (1995) `Introduction — language, culture and world view: exploring the nexus'. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 19(2): 143—53. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ferraro,G. ,Trevathan,W. ANDLevy,J. ( 1994)Anthropology:AnAppliedPerspective. Minneapolis, MN: West Publishing Co. Google Scholar | |
|
Fry, R. ( 2007) `The lifestyle of Japanese sojourn parents and their children in the UK — an empirical study'. Unpublished paper Google Scholar | |
|
Goodman, R. (1990) Japan's International Youth. London: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Gullahorn, J.T. . and Gullahorn, J.E. (1963) `An extension of the U-curve hypothesis'. Journal of Social Issues 19(3): 33—47. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hayden, M.C. and Thompson, J.J. (1995) `International schools and international education: a relationship reviewed'. Oxford Review of Education 21(3): 327—45. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hayden, M.C. and Thompson, J.J. (1997) `Student perspectives on international education: a European dimension'. Oxford Review of Education 23(4): 459—78. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hayden, M.C. and Wong, C.S.D. (1997) `The International Baccalaureate: international education and cultural preservation'. Educational Studies 23(3): 349—61. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hofstede, G. . (1991) Cultures and Organizations — Software of the Mind: London: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Horoiwa, N. (1987) `Kaigai seicho nihonjin no tekioniokeru naibu katto ' [`Internal struggles of Japanese children who grew up abroad ']. Intercultural Education 1: 67—81. Google Scholar | |
|
Inamura, H. (1980) Nihonjin no Kaigaifutekio [Japanese Maladjustment to Overseas]. Tokyo: Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai. Google Scholar | |
|
Joes (1971) Kaigaishijo Kyoiku Shinkozaidan no Jigyo Keikaku [Operational Plan for Education for Kaigaishijo Foundation] Kaigaishijo Kyoiku. 1: 2—3. Google Scholar | |
|
Joes (1981) Kako kara Mirai e (From Past to Future) Kaigaishijo Kyoiku 100: 31—74. Google Scholar | |
|
Joes (1987) Kikokushijo to Shushoku Part 2 [Returnees and Employment Part 2] Kaigaishijo Kyoiku 12: 30—9. Google Scholar | |
|
Joes , ed. (1991) Kaigaishijo Kyoiku-shi [History of Kaigaishijo]. Tokyo : Kaigai Shijo Kyoiku Zaidan. Google Scholar | |
|
Joes (1995) Kikoku Nyushitte Nani? [What Is a Returnee Entrance Examination?]. Kaigaishijo Kyoiku 12: 21—7. Google Scholar | |
|
Joes (1997) Gakko Binran `98 [School Guidebook `98]. Tokyo: Kaigai shijo Kyoiku Shinko Zaidan. Google Scholar | |
|
Joes (1998) Kikokushijo, Jidaino Enji to Naru [Returnees, Becoming the Children of the Age]. Kaigaishijo Kyoiku 2: 22. Google Scholar | |
|
Joes (2000) Tadaima Nannin? [How Many Now?]. Kaigaishijo Kyoiku 1: 18—22. Google Scholar | |
|
Jonietz, P. AND Harris, E. , eds (1991) World Yearbook of Education 1991: International Schools and International Education. London : Kogan Page. Google Scholar | |
|
Jp publications ,ed.(2004)LivinginBRITAIN .London:JPPublications. Google Scholar | |
|
Kim,Y.Y. ( 1988)Communication and Cross-Cultural Adaptation. Clevedon:Multilingual Matters Ltd. Google Scholar | |
|
Kitsuse,J.I. ,Murase,A.E.,ETAL. ( 1984)`Kikokushijo: The Emergence and Institutionalization of an Educational Problem in Japan', in Schneider, J.W. and Kitsuse, J.I. (ed.) Studies in the sociology of social problems. New Jersey , USA.: Alex Publishing Corporation. Google Scholar | |
|
Kobayashi,T. ,ED.(1983)Ibunkani Sodatsu Kodomotachi [Children who Grow Upin Different Cultures ]. Tokyo, Yuhikaku. Google Scholar | |
|
Maher,J.C. ANDMacdonald,G. ,EDS(1995)Diversityin Japanese Culture and Language. New York: Kegan Paul. Google Scholar | |
|
Mcfee, M. (1968) `The 150% Man, a Product of Blackfeet Acculturation' . American Anthropologist 70: 1096—107. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ministry Of Education , ed. (1987) Monbu Jiho [The Ministry of Education Review]. Tokyo: Gyosei Co Ltd. Google Scholar | |
|
Ministry Of Education (Mext) (2003) Zaigai Kyoiku Shisetsu no Gaiyo [Overview of Overseas Japanese Educational Organisations]. Available at: http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/sijo22.html (accessed 16 October 2004 ). Google Scholar | |
|
Ministryofeducation,Culture,Sports,Scienceandtechnology (2004) Heisei 17nendo Kokkoritsu Shiritsu Daigaku Tankidaigaku Nyugakusha Sembatsu Jisshijyoko no Gaiyo.. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Google Scholar | |
|
Minoura,Y. ( 1991)Kodomono Ibunka Taiken [Children's Cross-cultural Experiences].Tokyo: Shisakusha. Google Scholar | |
|
Miyachi, S. (1990) Kikokushijo [Returnees]. Tokyo: Chuokoron-sha. Miyahara, O. (1998) Kokusaijin wo Sodateru [Cultivating International People]. Tokyo: Gyosei Co Ltd. Google Scholar | |
|
Noguchi, M.G. (2001) `Bilinguality and bicultural children in Japan: a pilot survey of factors linked to active English-Japanese bilingualism', in M.G. Noguchi and S. Fotos (eds) Studies in Japanese Bilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. Google Scholar | |
|
Oberg, K. (1954) Culture Shock. Available at: http://www.smcm.edu/academics/internationaled/pdf/cultureshockarticle.pdf (accessed 27 December 2004). Google Scholar | |
|
Ono, H. ( 1994) Bilingual no Kagaku [Science of Bilingual ]. Tokyo: Kodansha,. Google Scholar | |
|
Osawa, C. (1986) Tatta Hitotsu no Aoi Sora [The Only Blue Sky]. Tokyo: Bungei Shinju . Google Scholar | |
|
Oxford university press ,ed.(1998) TheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglish.Oxford: Clarendon Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Oyama, T. (2001) `America no Kikokushijo' [`American returnees']. JOES 344(October): 4—18. Google Scholar | |
|
Padilla,A.M. ANDPerezw. (2003) `Acculturation,socialidentity,andsocial cognition: a new perspective'. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 25(1): 35—55. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Parkr.E. ( 1950)RaceandCulture.London: TheFreePress. Google Scholar | |
|
Phinney, J.S. (1992) `The multigroup ethnic identity measure'. Journal of Adolescent Research 7: 156—76. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Phinney,J.S. ANDDevich-Navarro,M. ( 1997)`Variationsinbicultural identification among African American and Mexican American adolescents'. Journal of Research on Adolescence 7: 3—32. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Pollock,D.C. ANDVanreken,R.E. ( 1999)ThirdCultureKids.London: Nicholas Brealey. Google Scholar | |
|
Salih, R. (2002) `Shifting meanings of ``home'': consumption and identity in Moroccan women's transnational practices between Italy and Morocco ', in N. Al-Ali and K. Koser (eds) New Approaches to Migration? Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Sato, G. (1997) Kaigaishijo Kikokushijo Kyoiku no Saikouchiku [Restructuring Education for Kaigaishijo and Kikokushijo]. Tokyo: Tamagawa Daigaku Shuppan-bu. Google Scholar | |
|
Sato, M. (1999) Bilingual Japanese. Tokyo: Jinbun Shoin. Google Scholar | |
|
Saunders, G. (1982) Bilingual Children: Guidance for the Family. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Google Scholar | |
|
Skelton, T. AND Allen, T. , eds (1999) Culture and Global Change. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, C.D. (1991) The Absentee American. New York : Praeger Publishers. Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, H.L. (1999) `Bilingualism and bilingual education: the child's perspective'. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 2: 268—81. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Stonequist, E.V. (1937) The Marginal Man: A Study in Personality and Culture Conflict. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Google Scholar | |
|
Taft, R. (1977) `Coping with Unfamiliar Cultures', in N. Warren (ed.) Studies in Cross-cultural Psychology. New York: Academic Press . Google Scholar | |
|
Useem, J. (1963) `The community of man: a study in the third culture' . Centennial Review 7: 481—98. Google Scholar | |
|
Useem, J. AND Useem, R.H. (1993) `Third culture kids: focus of major study'. NewsLinks XII(3). Google Scholar | |
|
Useem,J. ,Useem,R.H. ,ETAL.( 1963)`Men in the middle of the third culture: the roles of American and non-Western people in cross-cultural administration'. Human Organization 22: 169—79. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Useem,R.H. ANDCottrell,A.B. ( 1999)TCKs Four Times More Likely to Earn Bachelor's Degrees . Available at: http://www.tckworld.com/useem/art2.html (accessed 28 October 2001). Google Scholar | |
|
Vogel,E.F. ( 1980)Japanas No.1: Lessons for Americans. Tokyo:CharlesE.Tuttle Co. Google Scholar | |
|
Wagner,R. ( 1975)TheInventionofCulture.Chicago,IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ward, C. ,Bochner, S. ANDFurnham, A ,eds(2001)The Psychology of Culture Shock. London: Routledge . Google Scholar | |
|
White, M. (1988) The Japanese Overseas. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Willis, D.B. (1992) `A search for transnational culture: an ethnography of students in an international school in Japan Part I'. International Schools Journal 23(Spring): 9—25. Google Scholar | |
|
Yashiro, K. (1995) `Japan's returnees'. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 16: 139—64. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Yasufuku, E. (1994) `Kaigaikankoryoko de ishikihenkaku wa okorunoka ' [`Does overseas travel change one's perception?']. L'esprit D'aujourd'hui (gendai no esupuri) 322: 135—44. Google Scholar | |
|
Yoshino, K. (1997) Bunka Nationalism no Shakaigaku [ Cultural Nationalism Sociology] Nagoya: Nagoya Daigaku Shuppan-kai. Google Scholar |
