Abstract
This article, arising from a study located in a Japanese education setting, analyses the socio-emotional challenges experienced by host (Japanese) and international (Australian) students as they interact in the same international education environment over a period of time. Students' multiple interpretations of critical incidents created by the researchers on the basis of recurrent challenges highlight that intercultural relational development is an interactive, dynamic process that requires sensitivity and reciprocal understanding. The Japanese location of the study contributes to redressing the dominance of studies conducted in English-speaking host environments.
|
Attardo, S. , Hold, J. , Hay, J. AND Poggi, I. (2003) `Multimodal markers of irony and sarcasm'. Humor 16(2): 243-60. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Barnlund , D. . (1975) Public and Private Self in Japan and the United States. Tokyo: Simul Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bochner , S. . (1977) `Friendship patterns of overseas students: a functional model'. International Journal of Psychology 12(4): 277-94. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Caldwell, M. . A N DPeplau, L. . (1982) `Sex differences in same-sex friendship'. Sex Roles 8: 721-32. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Church , A.T. . (1982) `Sojourner adjustment'. Psychological Bulletin 91(3): 540-72. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Davies, C.E. . (2003) `How English-learners joke with native speakers: An interactional sociolinguistic perspective on humor as collaborative discourse across cultures'. Journal of Pragmatics 35: 1361-85. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Drew , P. . (1987) `Po-faced receipts of teases'. Linguistics 25: 219-53. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Flanagan, J.C. (1954) `The critical incidents technique'. Psychological Bulletin 4: 327-58. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gareis , E. . (1995) International Friendship:A Qualitative Study . Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Google Scholar | |
|
Gareis, E. . (2000) `Rhetoric and intercultural friendship formation' , in A. Gonzales and D.V. Tanno (eds) Rhetoric in Intercultural Contexts, pp. 91-117. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Gudykunst , W.B. AND Hammer , M.R. . (1987) `Strangers and hosts: an uncertainty reduction based theory of intercultural adaptation', inY.Y. Kim and W.B. Gudykunst (eds) Cross-Cultural Adaptation: Current Approaches, pp. 106-39. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Gudykunst,W.B. , Gao, G. , Sudweeks, S. , Ting-Toomey, S. Andnishida, T. (1991) `Developmental themes in opposite-sex Japanese-North American (1991) `Developmental themes in opposite-sex Japanese-North American relationships', in S. Ting-Toomey and F. Korzenny (eds) Cross-Cultural Interpersonal Communication, pp. 230-58. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Hall , E.T. . (1976) Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday. Google Scholar | |
|
Halualani, R.T. , Chitgopekar, A. , Morrison, J.H.T.A. AND Dodge, P . S .-W. (2004) `Who's interacting? And what are they talking about? - intercultural contact and interaction among multicultural university students'. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 28: 353-72. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hammer, M.R. , Nishida, H. AND Wiseman, R.L. (1996) `The influence of situational prototypes on dimensions of intercultural communication competence'. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 27: 267-82. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hicks , J.E. . (1988) `Studies on the adjustment of foreign students in Japan - with focus on interpersonal relations'. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Hiroshima University. Google Scholar | |
|
Holliday, A. . (1999) `Small cultures'. Applied Linguistics 20: 237-64. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hopper, R. , Knapp, M.L. AND Scott, L. (1981)`Couples'personal idioms: exploring intimate talk' . Journal of Communication 31: 23-33. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Jou, Y.H. AND Fukuda, H. (1995) `Effect of social support from various sources on the adjustment of Chinese students in Japan'. The Journal of Social Psychology 135(3): 305-11. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Keltner, D. , Capps, L. , Kring, A.M. , Young, R.C. AND Heerey, E.A. (2001) `Just teasing: a conceptual analysis and empirical review'. Psychological Bulletin 127(2): 229-48. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Keltner, D. , Young, R.C. , Heerey, E.A. , Oeming, C. AND Monarch, N.D. (1998) `Teasing in hierarchical and intimate relations' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75: 1232-47. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
K I M , Y.Y. . (1988) Communication and Cross-Cultural Adaptation: An Integrative Theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Google Scholar | |
|
Knight , J. . (1994) `Internationalisation: elements and checkpoints'. CBIE Research No. 7. Ottawa: Canadian Bureau of International Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Koyanagi, S. (1999) `Japanese students in Australia: their adjustment to and satisfaction with their Australian study sojourn'. Unpublished master's thesis, Royal Melbourne Institute ofTechnology (RMIT), Melbourne. Google Scholar | |
|
Kudo , K. . (2000) `Functions and development of friendship networks of Japanese students at an Australian university'. Unpublished master's thesis, LaTrobe University, Melbourne. Google Scholar | |
|
Kudo , K. . A N D Simkin , K.A. . (2003) `Intercultural friendship formation: the case of Japanese students at an Australian university'. Journal of Intercultural Studies 24(2): 91-114. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ledwith, S. . A N D Seymour , D. . (2001) `Home and away: preparing students for multicultural management'. International Journal of Human Resource Management 12(8): 1292-1312. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lysgaard, S. (1955) `Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States'. International Social Science Bulletin 7: 45-51. Google Scholar | |
|
Major , B. . (1981) `Gender patterns in touching behavior', in C. Mayo and N.M. Henley (eds) Gender and Nonverbal Behavior, pp. 15-37. New York: Springer-Verlag. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Miller , P. . (1986) `Teasing as language socialization and verbal play in a white working class community', in B.B. Schieffelin and E. Ochs (eds) Language Socialization Across Cultures, pp. 199-212. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ministry Of Education (1983) Niju-isseiki Heno Ryugakusei Seisaku ni Kansuru Teigen [Recommendations about Foreign Students Policy for the Twenty First Century]. Tokyo: Ministry of Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Mizushima , L. . (2006) `Nihongo nichijokaiwa ni okeru "karakai hyogen" no fureemu bunseki' [The frame analysis of Japanese teasing expressions]. Human Communication Studies 34: 53-72. Google Scholar | |
|
Mooney, A. , Creeser, R. AND Blatchford, P. (1991) `Children's views on teasing and fighting in junior schools'. Educational Research 33: 103-12. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Miroozimi , S. . A N DTakai, J. . (2006) `Factors affecting self-assertive strategies in an interpersonal communication setting: from the viewpoint of interpersonal relations and self-other orientation'. Human Communication Studies 34: 95-117. Google Scholar | |
|
Moyer, Y. . (1987) `Shinri sutoresu no yoin to taisyo no shikata: Zainichi ryugakusei no baai' [Factors of psychological stresses and the aspects of counter-measures: The case of foreign students in Japan]. Intercultural/Transcultural Education 1: 81-97. Google Scholar | |
|
Murakami , R. . (2005) `Amerika-jin ryugakusei no sosyaru nettowaku to host no shinmitsuka: shien seido niyoru sesshoku wo chuushin ni' [Relational development between American students and host members in social networks: Concentrating on interactions through support system]. In Gaigodai Ni Okeru Tabunka Kyousei: Ryuugaku-sei Shien no Jissen Kenkyuu. Tokyo: Kanda University. Google Scholar | |
|
Norrick , N.R. . (2003) `Issues in conversational joking'. Journal of Pragmatics 35: 1333-59. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Paige, R.M. , Cohen, A.D. , Kappler, B. , Chi, J.C. AND Lassegard, J.P. (2006) Maximizing Study Abroad: A Students' Guide to Strategies for Language and Culture Learning and Use. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota. Google Scholar | |
|
Patton, M.Q. (2002) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Pederson , P. . (1995) The Five Stages of Culture Shock: Critical Incidents Around the World. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Pittaway, E. , Ferguson, B. AND Breen, C. (1998) `Worth more than gold: the unexpected benefits associated with internationalisation of tertiary education', in D. Davis and A. Olsen (eds) Outcomes of International Education, pp. 61-71. Sydney : IDP Education Australia. Google Scholar | |
|
Pritchard , R.M.O. AND Skinner, B. . (2002) `Cross-cultural partnerships between home and international students'. Journal of Studies in International Education 6: 323-53. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Quintrell, N. AND Westwood, M. (1994) `The influence of a peer-pairing programme on international students' first year experience and use of student services'. Higher Education Research and Development 13(1): 49-57. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rawlins, W.K. . (1992) Friendship Matters: Communication, Dialectics, and the Life Course. New York: Aldine De Gruyter. Google Scholar | |
|
S Collon,R. AND Wong Scollon, S. (2001) Intercultural communication: A Discourse Approach, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell. Google Scholar | |
|
Searle , W. . A N DWard, C. . (1990) `The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions'. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 14: 449-64. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Smart, D. , Volet, S. AND Ang, G. (2000) Fostering Social Cohesion in Universities: Bridging the Cultural Divide. Canberra: Australian Education International/Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs. Google Scholar | |
|
Spencer-Rogers, J. AND Mcgovern, T. (2002) `Attitudes toward the culturally different: the role of intercultural communication barriers, affective responses, consensual stereotypes, and perceived threat'. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 26(6): 609-31. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Steir , J. . (2003) `Internationalisation, ethnic diversity and the acquisition of intercultural competencies'. Intercultural Education 14(1): 77-91. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Storrs, D. AND Kleinke, C.L. (1990) `Evaluation of high and equal status male and female touchers'. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 14(2): 87-94. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Struck, D. (2000) `Take my samurai … please: scholars seek serious side of a light subject: is humor in Japan an oxymoron?'. The Washington Post: A17. Google Scholar | |
|
Sudweeks, S. , Gudykunst, W.B. , Ting-Toomey, S. AND Nishida, T. (1990) `Developmental themes in Japanese-North American interpersonal relationships'. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 14: 207-33. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Takai, J. . (1989) `Zainichi gaikokujin ryugakusei no tekioukenkyu no soukatsu' [The review of studies on international students in Japan]. School Publication of the Department of Education at Nagoya University 36: 139-47. Google Scholar | |
|
Tanaka, T. , Takai, J. , Kohyama, T. , Fujihara, T. AND Minami, H. (1997) `Effects of social networks on cross-cultural adjustment' . Japanese Psychological Research 39(1): 12-24. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ting-Toomey, S. (1989) `Culture and interpersonal relationship development: Some conceptual issues', in J.A. Anderson (ed.) Communication Yearbook, vol. 12, pp. 371-82. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Todd, P. AND Nesdale, D. (1997) `Promoting intercultural contact between Australian and international university students'. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 19(1): 61-76. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Trice , A.G. . (2004) `Mixing it up: international graduate students' social interactions with American students'. Journal of College Student Development 45(6): 671-87. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Tsuboi , T. . (1999) `Ryugakusei to nihonjingakusei tono koryukyoiku: Ohsutoraria tono hikaku o toshite' [Intercultural exchange education between foreign students and Japanese students: A comparison with Australia]. Intercultural/Transcultural Education 13: 60-74. Google Scholar | |
|
Volet, S. (2004) `Challenges of internationalisation: enhancing intercultural competence and skills for critical reflection on the situated and non-neutral nature of knowledge', in P. Zeegers and K. Dellar-Evans (eds) Language and Academic Skills in Higher Education, vol. 6, pp. 1-10. Adelaide: Flinders University. Google Scholar | |
|
Volet, S.E. AND Ang, G. (1998) `Culturally mixed groups on international campuses: an opportunity for inter-cultural learning'. Higher Education Research and Development 17(1): 5-23. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Volet, S.E. AND Tan-Quigley, A. (1999) `Interactions of Southeast Asian students and administrative staff at university in Australia: the significance of reciprocal understanding' . Journal of Higher Education and Policy Management 21(1): 95-115. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ward, C. . (2001) `The A,B,Cs of acculturation', in D. Matsumoto (ed.) Handbook of Culture and Psychology, pp. 411-46. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ward, C. . A N D Searle , W. . (1991) `The impact of value discrepancies and cultural identity on psychological and sociocultural adjustment of sojourners'. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 15: 209-25. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Weber, A.L. , Harvey, J.H. AND Stanley, M.A. (1987)`The nature and motivations of accounts for failed relationships', in R. Burnett , P. McGhee and D. Clarke (eds) Accounting for Relationships, pp. 114-33. London : Methuen. Google Scholar | |
|
Ying , Y. . A N D Liese , L.H. . (1994) `Initial adjustment of Taiwanese students to the United States: the impact of post arrival variables' . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 25(4): 466-77. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Yokota, M. (1991) `Ryugakusei to nihonjingakusei no shinmitsuka ni kansuru kenkyu' [study about relational development between international students and Japanese students]. Intercultural/Transcultural Education 5: 81-97. Google Scholar | |
|
Yokota, M. AND Shiratsuchi, S. (2004) International Student Advising. Kyoto: Nakanishiya Shuppan. Google Scholar | |
|
Zimmermann , S. . (1995) `Perceptions of intercultural communication competence and international student adaptation to an American campus'. Communication Education 44: 321-35. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |

