Abstract
Bernstein (1999, 2000) proposes that contrasting educational discourses construct contrasting retrospective, prospective, decentred (market) and decentred (therapeutic) pedagogic identities. In different times and geographical locations the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) has been projected onto a variety of pedagogic identities. In its earliest years there appears to have been vacillation between a weak form of retrospective identity, expressed as nostalgia for a grouped curriculum that prevailed before the introduction of A level in England, and an educational discourse projecting selected elements of the past into the future. A ‘progressive’ decentred therapeutic identity, exemplified by the IB Learner Profile, is the version the IB currently appears to project. However, this article proposes that the IB is assailed by market forces and that the IB DP is being driven towards a decentred (market) identity.
|
Ball SJ ( 1990) Politics and Policy Making in Education. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Beard J. ( 2006) Sharing the vision. Keynote address to IBNA Regional Conference, Bahamas, 14 July 2006. Available at: http://www.ibo.org/ibna/documents/SharingTheVision_000.ppt (accessed 26 August 2009). Google Scholar | |
|
Bernstein B. ( 1995) A response. In: Sadovnik AR (ed.) Knowledge and Pedagogy: The Sociology of Basil Bernstein. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 387-424. Google Scholar | |
|
Bernstein B. ( 1999) Official knowledge and pedagogic identities. In: Christie F (ed.) Pedagogy and the Shaping of Consciousness. London: Cassell , 246-261. Google Scholar | |
|
Bernstein B. ( 2000) Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity, rev edn. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Google Scholar | |
|
Brehony KJ ( 2004) A new education for a new era: the contribution of the conferences of the New Education Fellowship to the disciplinary field of education 1921-1938. Paedagogica Historica 40(5): 733-755. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Brooks JR ( 1998) Yesterday’s rebels? The independent progressive schools and the challenge of the sixties. Journal of Educational Administration and History 30(2): 96-120. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bunnell T. (2010) The International Baccalaureate and a framework for class consciousness: the potential outcomes of a ‘class-for-itself’. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 31(3): 351-362. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Callaghan J. ( 1976) Speech at Ruskin College, Oxford, 18 October. Times Educational Supplement 22 October. Google Scholar | |
|
Cambridge JC ( 1998) Investigating national and organizational cultures in the context of the international school. In: Hayden MC and Thompson JJ (eds) International Education: Principles and Practice. London : Kogan Page, 197-211. Google Scholar | |
|
Cambridge JC ( 2003) Identifying the globalist and internationalist missions of international schools. International Schools Journal XXII(2): 54-58. Google Scholar | |
|
Cambridge JC and Thompson JJ ( 2004) Internationalism and globalization as contexts for international education. Compare 34(2): 161-175. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Central Advisory Council for Education (England) ( 1967) Children and their Primary Schools (The Plowden Report) . London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Google Scholar | |
|
Coates H. , Rosicka C. and MacMahon-Ball M. ( 2007) Perceptions of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme among Australian and New Zealand Universities. Camberwell, VIC: Australian Council for Educational Research. Available at: http://research.acer.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000andcontext=higher_education (accessed 12 August 2010). Google Scholar | |
|
Cox B and Dyson A (eds) (1969) Fight for Education: A Black Paper. London: Critical Quarterly Society. Google Scholar | |
|
Cox B and Dyson A (eds) (1970) Black Paper Two: The Crisis in Education. London: Critical Quarterly Society. Google Scholar | |
|
Doherty C. , Mu L. and Shield P. (2009) Planning mobile futures: the border artistry of International Baccalaureate Diploma choosers. British Journal of Sociology of Education 30(6): 757-771. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Fitz J. , Davies B. and Evans J. ( 2006) Educational Policy and Social Reproduction: Class Inscription and Symbolic Control. Oxford: Routledge . Google Scholar | |
|
Frey CJ and Whitehead DM (2009) International education policies and the boundaries of global citizenship in the US. Journal of Curriculum Studies 41(2): 269-290. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Glod M. ( 2009) 46 States, DC Plan to Draft Common Education Standards . Washington Post 1 June. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2009/05/31/AR2009053102339.html?hpid=topnews (accessed 26 August 2009). Google Scholar | |
|
Gammon V. ( 1999) Cultural politics of the English National Curriculum for music, 1991-1992. Journal of Educational Administration and History 31(2): 130-147. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Graham, D. ( 1993) A Lesson for Us All: The Making of the National Curriculum . London: Routledge . Google Scholar | |
|
Hill I. ( 2001) Early stirrings: the beginnings of the international education movement. International Schools Journal XX(2):11-22. Google Scholar | |
|
Hursh D. ( 2005) The growth of high-stakes testing, accountability and education markets and the decline of educational equality. British Educational Research Journal 31(5): 605-622. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hursh D. ( 2007) Exacerbating inequality: the failed promise of the No Child Left Behind Act. Race Ethnicity and Education 10(3): 295-308. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
International Baccalaureate (2003) Perceptions of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. A Report of an Inquiry Carried Out at UK Universities and Institutions of Higher Education . Cardiff: International Baccalaureate . Google Scholar | |
|
International Baccalaureate (2005) A Look at North American IB Legislation. Available from: http://www.ibo.org/ibna/documents/ibnalegislation.pdf (accessed 26 August 2009). Google Scholar | |
|
International Baccalaureate (2006) IB Learner Profile booklet. Cardiff: International Baccalaureate. Google Scholar | |
|
International Baccalaureate (2008a) Towards a Continuum of International Education. Cardiff : International Baccalaureate. Google Scholar | |
|
International Baccalaureate (2008b) A Review of Research Relating to the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme . Cardiff: International Baccalaureate. Available at: http://www.ibo.org/programmes/research/resources/dpresearchreview.cfm (accessed 26 August 2009). Google Scholar | |
|
International Baccalaureate (2010) Available at: http://www.ibo.org (accessed 10 August 2010). Google Scholar | |
|
James, T. ( 2000) Kurt Hahn and the Aims of Education. Available at: http://www.kurthahn.org/writings/james.pdf (accessed 26 August 2009) Google Scholar | |
|
James W. ( 1906) The Moral Equivalent of War. Available at: http://www.constitution.org/wj/meow.htm (accessed 26 August 2009). Google Scholar | |
|
Kanan H. and Baker A. ( 2006) Influence of international schools on the perception of local students’ individual and collective identities, career aspirations and choice of university. Journal of Research in International Education 5(3): 251-268. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Kugler EG and Albright EM ( 2005) Increasing diversity in challenging classes. Educational Leadership 62(5): 42-45. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Leach RJ ( 1969) International Schools and Their Role in the Field of International Education. Oxford: Pergamon Press . Google Scholar | |
|
Lucas G. ( 2003) The graduation certificate. In: Phillips G and Pound T (eds) The Baccalaureate: A Model for Curriculum Reform . London : Kogan Page, 117-138. Google Scholar | |
|
Parsons T. ( 1953) Some comments on the state of general theory of action . American Sociological Review 18(6): 618-631. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Peterson ADC ( 1965) Secondary reorganization in England and Wales. Comparative Education 1(3): 161-169. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Peterson ADC ( 1972a) The International Baccalaureate: An Experiment in International Education. London: Harrap. Google Scholar | |
|
Peterson ADC ( 1972b) Secondary education as a phase in life-long education . Comparative Education 8(1): 1-5. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Peterson ADC ( 1977) Applied comparative education: the International Baccalaureate: a case study. Comparative Education 13(2): 77-80. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Peterson ADC ( 1987) Schools Across Frontiers: The Story of the International Baccalaureate and the United World Colleges. La Salle, PA: Open Court. Google Scholar | |
|
Potts A. ( 2007) New education, progressive education and the counter culture . Journal of Educational Administration and History 39(2): 145-159. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Power S. ( 2006) Disembedded middle-class pedagogic identities. In: Moore R , Arnot M , Beck J and Daniels H (eds) Knowledge, Power and Educational Reform: Applying the Sociology of Basil Bernstein. London : Routledge, 94-108. Google Scholar | |
|
Price T. ( 1970) Some aspects of character-building. In: Röhrs H (ed.) Kurt Hahn. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 81-91. Google Scholar | |
|
Resnik J. ( 2008) The construction of the global worker through international education. In: Resnik J (ed.) The Production of Educational Knowledge in the Global Era. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 147-167. Google Scholar | |
|
Röhrs H. ( 1966) The realm of education in the thought of Kurt Hahn . Comparative Education 3(1): 21-32. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Röhrs H. ( 1970) Responsibilities and problems of international education . Comparative Education 6(2): 125-135. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ross A. ( 2000) Curriculum: Construction and Critique. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sennett R. ( 1998) The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism. New York: Norton. Google Scholar | |
|
Singh P. ( 2002) Pedagogizing knowledge: Bernstein’s theory of the pedagogic device. British Journal of Sociology of Education 23(4): 571-582. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Skidelsky R. ( 1969) English Progressive Schools. Harmondsworth : Pelican. Google Scholar | |
|
Sylvester B. ( 2002) The ‘first’ international school. In: Hayden MC , Thompson JJ and Walker G (eds) International Education in Practice. London: RoutledgeFalmer, 3-17. Google Scholar | |
|
Thompson JJ , Hayden MC and Cambridge JC ( 2003) Towards a structural typology for Baccalaureate-style curricula. In: Pound T and Phillips G (eds) The Baccalaureate: A Model for Curriculum Reform. London: Kogan Page, 29-46. Google Scholar | |
|
Tyler W. ( 1999) Pedagogic identities and educational reform in the 1990s: the cultural dynamics of national curricula. In: Christie F (ed.) Pedagogy and the Shaping of Consciousness . London: Cassell , 262-289. Google Scholar | |
|
van Oord L. ( 2010) Kurt Hahn’s moral equivalent of war. Oxford Review of Education 36(3): 253-265. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Watkins C. ( 2007) Inventing international citizenship: Badminton School and the progressive tradition between the Wars. History of Education 36(3): 315-338. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
White MH ( 2001) The New Education Fellowship: an international community of practice. New Era in Education 82(3): 71-75. Google Scholar | |
|
Whitehead K. ( 2005) Advertising Advantage: The International Baccalaureate, Social Justice and the Marketization of Schooling. Paper WHIO5426, presented to Australian Association for Research in Education Annual conference, Parramatta, 27 November-1 December 2005. Available at: http://www.aare.edu.au/05pap/whi05426.pdf (accessed 26 August 2009). Google Scholar |

