Abstract
This article explores perspectives and strands of thought among teachers from five countries about power dynamics in learning environments, perspectives on power of dominant cultures and impacts of power on concepts of citizenship and social justice. Discourses revealed teachers have some understanding of how power impacts teaching and learning, how language empowers/disempowers students and how teachers and students use their power. Teachers’ and students’ perceptions of power in the learning environment likely shape educational experiences for all stakeholders. Effective empowerment, particularly of students, requires recognition of these and other factors.
|
Banks, JA (2004) Democratic citizenship education in multicultural societies. In Banks, JA (ed.) Diversity and Citizenship Education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 3–15. Google Scholar | |
|
Bennett, M (1993) Towards ethnorelativism: a developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In Paige, RM (ed.) Education for the Intercultural Experience. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 1–71. Google Scholar | |
|
Black, J (2009) Necessity is the mother of invention: changing power dynamics between teachers and students in wired art classrooms. Canadian Review of Art Education 36(1): 99–117. Google Scholar | |
|
Blase, J (ed.) (1991) The Politics of Life in Schools: Power, Conflict and Cooperation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bogad, L (1998) Banter for breakfast: youth, power and resistance in an (un)regulated space. Educational Studies: A Journal in the Foundations of Education 29(4): 376–392. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Briggs, L, Pailliotet, A (1997) A story about grammar and power. Journal of Basic Writing 16(2): 46–61. Google Scholar | |
|
Clandinnin, D, Connelly, F (2000) Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Crowther, P, Joris, M, Otten, M. (2000) Internationalisation at Home: A Position Paper. Amsterdam: Drukkerij Raddraaier. Google Scholar | |
|
Freire, P (2000) Pedagogy of the Heart. New York: Continuum. Google Scholar | |
|
Freire, P (1985) The Politics of Education: Culture, Power and Liberation, Macedo, DP (trans.). Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey Publishers. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Glesne, C (2005) Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction, 3rd edn. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar | |
|
Gramsci, A (2007) The modern prince. In Goins, K (ed. and trans.) The Modern Prince and Other Writings. New York: Synergy International of the Americas. (Original work published 1971.) Google Scholar | |
|
Greene, M (1988) The Dialectic of Freedom. New York: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Gunawardena, CN, Nolla, AC, Wilson, PL. (2001) A cross-cultural study of group process and development in online conferences. Distance Education 22(1): 85–121. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Haroldsen, EO, Kirkham, K (1973) Social power as a barrier to communications feedback. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Montreal. Google Scholar | |
|
Harris, M (1998) Removing the ‘distance’ from distance learning: a perspective on student-teacher interaction in the OMNIBUS program. Michigan Community College Journal: Research & Practice 4(1): 49–57. Google Scholar | |
|
Hawley, P (1999) The ontogenesis of social dominance: a strategy-based evolutionary perspective. Developmental Review 19(1): 97–132. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hogan, K (2002) Pitfalls of community-based learning: how power dynamics limit adolescents’ trajectories of growth and participation. Teachers College Record 104(3): 586–624. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
hooks, b (2003) Teaching Community: A Pedagogy of Hope. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Hruska, BL (2000a) Bilingualism, gender and friendship: Constructing second language learners in an English dominant kindergarten. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Applied Linguistics, Vancouver, BC. Google Scholar | |
|
Hruska, BL (2000b) Ideologies, programs and practices: implications for second language learners. Paper presented at the Puerto Rican Studies Association Conference, Amherst, MA. Google Scholar | |
|
Johnson-Bailey, J, Cervero, RM (1998) Power dynamics in teaching and learning practices: an examination of two adult education classrooms. International Journal of Lifelong Education 17(6): 389–399. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Joseph, C (2008) Difference, subjectivities and power: (de)colonizing practices in internationalizing the curriculum. Intercultural Education 19(1): 29–39. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kapoor, I (2004) Concluding remarks: the power of participation. Current Issues in Comparative Education 6(2): 125–129. Google Scholar | |
|
Kumagai, Y, Sato, S (2009) ‘Ignorance’ as a rhetorical strategy: how Japanese language learners living in Japan manoeuvre their subject positions to shift power dynamics. Critical Studies in Education 50(3): 309–321. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kupchik, A, Monahan, T (2006) The new American school: preparation for post-industrial discipline. British Journal of Sociology of Education 27(5): 617–631. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lee, YJ, Recchia, SL (2008) ‘Who’s the boss?’ Young children’s power and influence in an early childhood classroom. Early Childhood Research & Practice 10(1). Available at: http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v10n1/lee.html Google Scholar | |
|
Lincoln, Y, Guba, E (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry. New York: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Lynch, J (1994). Cultural diversity and education for citizenship: a challenge for development education. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the British Educational Research Association, Oxford, UK. Google Scholar | |
|
McLaren, P, Kincheloe, JL (eds) (2007) Critical Pedagogy: Where Are We Now? New York: Peter Lang. Google Scholar | |
|
Merryfield, M (2000) Using electronic technologies to promote equity and cultural diversity in social studies and global education. Theory and Research in Social Education 28(4): 502–526. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Merryfield, MM (2001) The paradoxes of teaching a multicultural education course online. The Journal of Teacher Education 52(4): 283–299. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Neuendorf, KA (2002) The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Paige, R (ed.) (1993) Education For the Intercultural Experience. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Perry, T, Delpit, L (eds) (1998) The Real Ebonics Debate: Power, Language and the Education of African-American Children. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Robbins, K (2004) Struggling for equality/struggling for hierarchy: gender dynamics in an English as an additional language classroom for adolescent Vietnamese refugees. Feminist Teacher: A Journal of the Practices, Theories and Scholarship of Feminist Teaching 15(1): 66–79. Google Scholar | |
|
Russell, B (2004) Power: A New Social Analysis, 2nd edn. London: Routledge Classics. (Original work published 1938.) Google Scholar | |
|
Saracho, O, Spodek, B (2007) Contemporary Perspectives on Social Learning in Early Childhood Education. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing. Google Scholar | |
|
Sears, C (2011) Integrating multiple identities: narrative in the formation and maintenance of the self in international school students. Journal of Research in International Education 10(1): 71–86. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Shor, I (1996) When Students Have Power: Negotiating Authority in a Critical Pedagogy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Stachowski, L, Mahan, J (1998) Cross-cultural field placements: student teachers learning from schools and community. Theory Into Practice 37(2): 155–162. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sunal, CV, Christensen, LS, Shwery, C. (in press) Teachers from five nations share perspectives on culture and citizenship. Action in Teacher Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Sunal, CV, Christensen, LS (2002) Culture and citizenship: teachers from two continents share perspectives via a website. The International Social Studies Forum 2(2): 121–140. Google Scholar | |
|
Tisdell, EJ (1993) Interlocking systems of power, privilege and oppression in adult higher education classes. Adult Education Quarterly 43(4): 203–226. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Toffler, A (1990) Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth and Violence at the Edge of the 21st Century. New York: Bantam Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Tyson, C, Benton, P, Christensen, B. (1997) Cross-cultural experiences in teacher education courses: reflections and advice from African and American teachers. In Merryfield, M, Jarchow, E, Pickert, S (eds) Preparing Teachers to Teach Global Perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Van Hook, SR (2011) Modes and models for transcending cultural differences in international classrooms. Journal of Research in International Education 10(1): 5–27. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Weber, RP (1990) Basic Content Analysis, 2nd edn. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Zeichner, K . (1995) Reflections of a teacher working for social change. In Russell, T, Korthagen, F (eds) Teachers Who Teach Teachers: Reflections on Teacher Education. Washington, DC: Falmer Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Zeichner, K, Hoeff, K (1996) Teacher socialization for cultural diversity. In Sikula, J (ed.) Handbook of Research on Teacher Education. New York, NY: Macmillan, 525–547. Google Scholar |

