![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Littering continues to be a problem worldwide. The purpose of this article is to update earlier systematic reviews on littering and using a scorecard of seven social marketing components, assess the extent of social marketing use in identified littering programs. Following Center for Reviews and Dissemination guidelines, the search included all peer-reviewed studies published between 1995 and 2015 in the English language available through 10 databases. A total of 1,220 articles were initially identified and resulted in a final set of 17 that met the study criteria. The analysis revealed key insights including a lack of social marketing use in litter prevention efforts to date providing an opportunity for future research. Limitations of the current study and opportunities for future research are outlined.
References
| Abu-Hilal, A. H., Al-Najjar, T. (2004). Litter pollution on the Jordanian shores of the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Marine Environmental Research, 58, 39–63. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2003.12.003 Google Scholar | |
| Al-Khatib, I. A. (2009). Children’s perceptions and behavior with respect to glass littering in developing countries: A case study in Palestine’s Nablus district. Waste Management, 29, 1434–1437. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.026 Google Scholar | |
| Al-Khatib, I. A., Arafat, H. A., Daoud, R., Shwahneh, H. (2009). Enhanced solid waste management by understanding the effects of gender, income, marital status, and religious convictions on attitudes and practices related to street littering in Nablus–Palestinian territory. Waste Management, 29, 449–455. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.004 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Andreasen, A. R. (2002). Marketing social marketing in the social change marketplace. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 21, 3–13. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.21.1.3.17602 Google Scholar | |
| Bates, C. H. (2010). Use of social marketing concepts to evaluate ocean sustainability campaigns. Social Marketing Quarterly, 16, 71–96. doi:10.1080/15245000903528357 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Bateson, M., Callow, L., Holmes, J. R., Roche, M. L. R., Nettle, D. (2013). Do images of ‘watching eyes’ induce behaviour that is more pro-social or more normative? A field experiment on littering. PLoS One, 8, e82055. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082055 Google Scholar | |
| Brown, T. J., Ham, S. H., Hughes, M. (2010). Picking up litter: An application of theory-based communication to influence tourist behaviour in protected areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18, 879–900. doi:10.1080/09669581003721281 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Carins, J. E., Rundle-Thiele, S. R. (2014). Eating for the better: A social marketing review (2000–2012). Public Health Nutrition, 17, 1628–1639. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013001365 Google Scholar | |
| Chitotombe, J. W. (2014). Interrogating factors associated with littering along road servitudes on Zimbabwean highways. Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 3, 181–193. doi:10.5296/emsd.v3i1.5023 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015 Google Scholar | |
| Daniels, M. L., Marion, J. L. (2005). Communicating leave no trace ethics and practices: Efficacy of two-day trainer courses. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 23, 1–19. Google Scholar | |
| de Kort, Y. A., McCalley, L. T., Midden, C. J. (2008). Persuasive trash cans activation of littering norms by design. Environment and Behavior, 40, 870–891. doi:10.1177/0013916507311035 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| de Lange, M. A., Debets, L. W., Ruitenburg, K., Holland, R. W. (2012). Making less of a mess: Scent exposure as a tool for behavioral change. Social Influence, 7, 90–97. doi:10.1080/15534510.2012.659509 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Dietrich, T., Rundle-Thiele, S., Kubackia, K. (2017). Segmentation in social marketing: Methods and approaches. Singapore: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Dietrich, T., Rundle-Thiele, S., Schuster, L., Drennan, J., Russell-Bennett, R., Leo, C.…Connor, J. P. (2015). Differential segmentation responses to an alcohol social marketing program. Addictive Behaviors, 49, 68–77. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.010 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Donovan, R., Henley, N. (2010). Principles and practice of social marketing: An international perspective. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Dwyer, W. O., Leeming, F. C., Cobern, M. K., Porter, B. E., Jackson, J. M. (1993). Critical review of behavioral interventions to preserve the environment research since 1980. Environment and Behavior, 25, 275–321. doi:10.1177/0013916593255001 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Ernest-Jones, M., Nettle, D., Bateson, M. (2011). Effects of eye images on everyday cooperative behavior: A field experiment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32, 172–178. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.10.006 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| French, J., Blair-Stevens, C. (2005). The big pocket guide to using social marketing for behaviour change. London, England: The National Social Marketing Centre. Retrieved February 21, 2015, fromwww.thensmc.com/sites/default/files/Big_pocket_guide_2011.pdf Google Scholar | |
| French, J., Blair-Stevens, C. (2006). Social marketing national benchmark criteria. London, England: The National Social Marketing Centre. Google Scholar | |
| French, J. (2017). The importance of segmentation in social marketing strategy. In Segmentation in Social Marketing (pp. 25–40). Singapore: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Glanz, K., Bishop, D. B. (2010). The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions. Annual Review of Public Health, 31, 399–418. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Gordon, R., McDermott, L., Stead, M., Angus, K. (2006). The effectiveness of social marketing interventions for health improvement: What’s the evidence?Public Health, 120, 1133–1139. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.10.008 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Hansmann, R., Scholz, R. W. (2003). A two-step informational strategy for reducing littering behavior in a cinema. Environment and Behavior, 35, 752–762. doi:10.1177/0013916503254755 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Hartley, B. L., Thompson, R. C., Pahl, S. (2015). Marine litter education boosts children’s understanding and self-reported actions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 90, 209–217. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.049 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Hoppe, T., Bressers, H., de Bruijn, T., Franco-Garcia, L. (2013). Street litter reduction programs in the Netherlands: Reflections on the implementation of the Dutch litter reduction program for 2007–2009. Lessons from a public private partnership in environmental policy. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 12, 1657–1668. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Huffman, K. T., Grossnickle, W. F., Cope, J. G., Huffman, K. P. (1995). Litter reduction a review and integration of the literature. Environment and Behavior, 27, 153–183. doi:10.1177/0013916595272003 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Joseph, A., Choi, Y.-S., Quan, X. (2015). Impact of the physical environment of residential health, care, and support facilities (RHCSF) on staff and residents a systematic review of the literature. Environment and Behavior, 1–39. doi:10.1177/0013916515597027 Google Scholar | ISI | |
| Kallgren, C. A., Reno, R. R., Cialdini, R. B. (2000). A focus theory of normative conduct: When norms do and do not affect behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1002–1012. doi:10.1177/01461672002610009 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Khawaja, F. S., Shah, A. (2013). Determinants of littering: An experimental analysis. The Pakistan Development Review, 52, 157–168. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Kubacki, K., Rundle-Thiele, S., Lahtinen, V., Parkinson, J. (2015). A systematic review assessing the extent of social marketing principle use in interventions targeting children (2000-2014). Young Consumers, 16, 141–158. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Kubacki, K., Rundle-Thiele, S., Pang, B., Carins, J., Parkinson, J., Fujihira, H., Ronto, R. (2017). An umbrella review of the use of segmentation in social marketing interventions. In Dietrich, T., Kubacki, K., Rundle-Thiele, S. (Eds.), Segmentation in social marketing (pp. 9–23). Singapore: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Lindemann-Matthies, P., Bönigk, I., Benkowitz, D. (2012). Can’t see the wood for the litter: Evaluation of litter behavior modification in a forest. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 11, 108–116. doi:10.1080/1533015X.2012.751294 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Liu, J., Sibley, C. (2004). Attitudes and behavior in social space: Public good interventions based on shared representations and environmental influences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 373–384. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2003.12.003 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Ma, J., Hipel, K. W. (2016). Exploring social dimensions of municipal solid waste management around the globe—A systematic literature review. Waste Management. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.041 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Ong, I. B. L., Sovacool, B. K. (2012). A comparative study of littering and waste in Singapore and Japan. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 61, 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.12.008 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Pace, R., Pluye, P., Bartlett, G., Macaulay, A. C., Salsberg, J., Jagosh, J., Seller, R. (2012). Testing the reliability and efficiency of the pilot Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for systematic mixed studies review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49, 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Parkinson, J., Schuster, L., Russell-Bennett, R. (2016). Insights into the complexity of behaviours: the MOAB framework. Journal of Social Marketing, 6, 412–427. doi:10.1108/JSOCM-10-2015-0071 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Reams, M. A., Geaghan, J. P., Gendron, R. C. (1996). The link between recycling and litter a field study. Environment and Behavior, 28, 92–110. doi:10.1177/0013916596281005 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Rice, R. E., Atkin, C. K. (2000). Public communication campaigns (Vol. 3). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
| Schultz, P. W., Bator, R. J., Large, L. B., Bruni, C. M., Tabanico, J. J. (2013). Littering in context: Personal and environmental predictors of littering behavior. Environment and Behavior, 45, 35–59. doi:10.1177/0013916511412179 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Sibley, C. G., Liu, J. H. (2003). Differentiating active and passive littering a two-stage process model of littering behavior in public spaces. Environment and Behavior, 35, 415–433. doi:10.1177/0013916503035003006 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Spacek, S. (2004). DO MESS WITH IT!: A sociopolitical study of littering and the role of southern and nearby statesApplied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos. Retrieved fromhttp://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/27/ Google Scholar | |
| Stead, M., Gordon, R., Angus, K., McDermott, L. (2007). A systematic review of social marketing effectiveness. Health Education, 107, 126–191. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09654280710731548 Google Scholar | |
| Stephen, H., James, M. (2014). Changing audience behaviour: Festival goers and throwaway tents. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 5, 247–262. doi:10.1108/IJEFM-11-2013-0031 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Sussman, R., Gifford, R. (2013). Be the change you want to see modeling food composting in public places. Environment and Behavior, 45, 323–343. doi:10.1177/0013916511431274 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Tacconelli, E. (2010). Systematic reviews: CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 10, 226. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70065-7 Google Scholar | |
| Takahashi, B. (2009). Social marketing for the environment: An assessment of theory and practice. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 8, 135–145. doi:10.1080/15330150903135889 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Tapp, A., Rundle-Thiele, S. (2016). Social marketing and multidisciplinary behaviour change. In Spotswood, F. (Ed.), Beyond behaviour change: Key issues, interdisciplinary approaches and future directions (p. 135). Bristol, CT: Policy Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Taylor, A., Curnow, R., Fletcher, T., Lewis, J. (2007). Education campaigns to reduce stormwater pollution in commercial areas: Do they work?Journal of Environmental Management, 84, 323–335. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.06.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Truong, V. D. (2014). Social marketing a systematic review of research 1998–2012. Social Marketing Quarterly, 20, 15–34. doi:10.1177/1524500413517666 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Uneputty, P., Evans, S., Suyoso, E. (1998). The effectiveness of a community education programme in reducing litter pollution on shores of Ambon Bay (eastern Indonesia). Journal of Biological Education, 32, 143–147. doi:10.1080/00219266.1998.9655611 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Wever, R., Van Onselen, L., Silvester, S., Boks, C. (2010). Influence of packaging design on littering and waste behaviour. Packaging Technology and Science, 23, 239–252. doi:10.1002/pts.892 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Williams, B. C., Plouffe, C. R. (2007). Assessing the evolution of sales knowledge: A 20-year content analysis. Industrial Marketing Management, 36, 408–419. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.11.003 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
