Abstract
This study examines the relation between decoding and spelling performance on tasks that represent identical specific grapho-phonemic patterns. Elementary students (N = 206) were administered a 597 pseudoword decoding inventory representing 12 specific grapho-phonemic patterns and a 104 real-word spelling inventory representing identical grapho-phonemic patterns presented on the decoding inventory. Correlational and quantile regression analyses revealed a moderate to strong correlation between student performance in decoding and spelling tasks, with stronger relations found among more complex grapho-phonemic patterns and weaker relations found among less complex grapho-phonemic patterns. The results of this study support the utility of a spelling assessment with items representing a wide range of grapho-phonemic patterns as a screener for specific areas of grapho-phonemic knowledge weakness and provide educators with an efficient method of collecting the data needed to develop targeted interventions.
|
Apel, K. , Wolter, J.A. , & Masterson, J.J. (2006). Effects of phonotactic and orthotactic probabilities during fast mapping on 5-year-olds’ learning to spell. Developmental Neuropsychology, 29(1), 21-42. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Bear, D. , Invernizzi, M. , Templeton, S. , & Johnston, F. ( 2008). Words Their Way: Word study for phonics, vocabulary, and spelling instruction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Berninger, V.W. , Abbott, R.D. , Thomson, J.B. , & Raskind, W.H. ( 2001). Language phenotype for reading and writing disability: A family approach. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5(1), 59-106. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cade, B. , & Noon, B. ( 2003). A gentle introduction to quantile regression for ecologists . Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1(8), 412-420. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Catts, H. , Petscher, Y. , Schatshneider, C. , Bridges, M. , & Mendoza, K. ( 2009). Floor effects associated with universal screening and their impact on early identification of reading disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42, 163-176. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Chall, J.S. ( 1996). Stages of reading development (2nd ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace . Google Scholar | |
|
Cronbach, L. ( 1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ehri, L. ( 1980). The development of orthographic images. In U. Frith (Ed.), Cognitive processes in spelling (pp. 311-353). London, UK: Academic Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ehri, L. ( 1986). Sources of difficulty in learning to spell and read. In M. Wolraich & D. K. Routh (Eds.), Advances in developmental and behavioral pediatrics: A research annual (Vol. 7, pp. 121-194). Greenwich, CT: JAI. Google Scholar | |
|
Ehri, L. ( 1997). Sight word learning in normal readers and dyslexics. In B. Blachman (Ed.), Foundations of reading acquisition and dyslexia: Implications of early intervention (pp. 163-190). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Ehri, L. ( 1998). Grapheme-phoneme knowledge is essential for learning to read words in English. In J. L. Metsala & L. C. Ehri (Eds.), Word recognition in beginning literacy (pp. 3-40). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Ehri, L. ( 2000). Learning to read and learning to spell: Two sides of a coin. Topics in Language Disorders, 20(3), 19. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ehri, L. , & Wilce, L. ( 1987). Cipher versus cue reading: An experiment in decoding acquisition. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(1), 3-13. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Fitz-Gibbon, C. , & Morris, L. ( 1987). How to analyze data (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Frith, U. ( 1985). Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia. In K. E. Patterson , J. C. Marshall , & M. Coltheart (Eds.), Surface dyslexia (pp. 310-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Fry, E. ( 2004). Phonics: A large phoneme-grapheme frequency count revised. Journal of Literacy Research, 36(1), 85-98. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Fry, E. , & Kress, J. ( 2006). The reading teacher’s book of lists (5th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Gentry, J. ( 2006). Breaking the code: The new science of beginning reading and writing. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann . Google Scholar | |
|
Good, R. H. , & Kaminski, R. A. (Eds.). (2002). Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (6th ed.). Eugene, OR: Institute for the Development of Educational Achievement. Google Scholar | |
|
Gough, P. , Juel, C. , & Griffith, P. ( 1992). Reading, spelling and the orthographic cipher. In P. Gough , L. C. Ehri , & R. Treiman (Eds.), Reading acquisition (pp. 35-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Graham, S. , Harris, K.R. , & Chorzempa, B.F. (2002). Contribution of spelling instruction to the spelling, writing, and reading of poor spellers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(4), 669-686. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Greenberg, D. ( 1997). Are word-reading processes the same or different in adult literacy students and third-fifth graders matched for reading level? Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(2), 262-275. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Guthrie, J.T. ( 1973). Models of reading and reading disability. Journal of Educational Psychology, 65(1), 9-18. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Hao, L. , & Naiman, D. ( 2007). Quantile regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hays, W. ( 1994). Statistics (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Google Scholar | |
|
Henderson, E. ( 1981). Learning to read and spell: The child’s knowledge of words. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Henderson, E. , & Templeton, S. ( 1986). A developmental perspective of formal spelling instruction through alphabet, pattern, and meaning. Elementary School Journal, 86(3), 305-316. Hosp, M. , Hosp, J. , & Howell, K. (2010). Multilevel academic skills inventory-decoding. Manuscript in preparation. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hosp, M. , Hosp, J. , & Robbins, K. ( 2010). Multilevel academic skills inventory-spelling. Manuscript in preparation. Google Scholar | |
|
Juel, C. , Griffith, P. , & Gough, P. ( 1986). Acquisition of literacy: A longitudinal study of children in first and second grade. Journal of Educational Psychology , 78(4), 243-255. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McKnight, P.E. , McKnight, K.M. , Sidani, S. , & Figueredo, A.J. (2007). Missing data: A gentle introduction. New York, NY: Guilford . Google Scholar | |
|
Morris, D. , & Perney, J. ( 1984). Developmental spelling as a predictor of first-grade reading achievement. Elementary School Journal, 84(4), 440-457. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mosteller, F. , & Tukey, J. ( 1977). Data analysis and regression: A second course in statistics . Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Google Scholar | |
|
Nagy, W. , Berninger, V. , Abbott, R. , Vaughan, K. , & Vermeulen, K. ( 2003). Relationship of morphology and other language skills to literacy skills in at-risk second-grade readers and at-risk fourth-grade writers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 730-742. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. ( 2000). Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction (NIH Publication No. 00-4769). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Google Scholar | |
|
Santoro, L.E. , Coyne, M.D. , & Simmons, D.C. ( 2006). The reading-spelling connection: Developing and evaluating a beginning spelling intervention for children at risk of reading disability . Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 21(2), 122-133. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Schlagel, R. ( 1989). Constancy and change in spelling development. Reading Psychology, 10(3), 207-232. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Treiman, R. ( 1984). Individual differences among children in spelling and reading styles. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 463-477. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Vaughn, S. , & Linan-Thompson, S. (2004). Research based methods of reading instruction, grades K-3. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Google Scholar | |
|
Waters, G. , Bruck, M. , & Seidenberg, M. (1985). Do children use similar processes to read and spell words? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 511-530. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Waters, G. , Seidenberg, M. , & Bruck, M. ( 1984). Children’s and adults’ use of spelling-sound information in three reading tasks. Memory and Cognition, 12, 293-305. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Wilkinson, G.S. ( 1993). Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised (3rd ed.). Wilmington, DE: Jastak Association. Google Scholar | |
|
Willson, V.L. , Rupley, W.H. , Rodriguez, M. , & Mergen, S. ( 1999). The relationships among orthographic components of word identification and spelling for grades 1-6. Reading Research and Instruction, 39(1), 89-102. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Woodcock, R. , McGrew, K. , & Mather, N. ( 2001). Woodcock- Johnson III Tests of Achievement. Itasca, IL: Riverside. Google Scholar | |
|
Wren, S. ( 2002). Method of assessing cognitive aspects of early reading development. Retrieved from http://www.sedl.org/reading/topics/assessment.html. Google Scholar |

