The purpose of this study was to analyze published decoding tests, at the item level, to determine what decoding skills and discrete letter-patterns are assessed, and identify potential instructional implications of these measures. Twenty published word list decoding tests, either used in research or within a Multi-Tiered Systems of Supports (MTSS) framework, were included for analysis. Test items were coded at the syllable level to identify discrete letter-patterns that represent common decoding skills. Frequency of these skills, along with administration features, were analyzed to identify commonalities and differences between published decoding tests. Results show the published decoding tests analyzed vary in the number of decoding skills they measure. All tests showed potential for providing some diagnostic information to inform instructional practices. Implications for practice, directions for future research, and limitations are discussed.

Aimsweb . (2012). Nonsense Word Fluency [Measurement instrument]. Bloomington, IN: Pearson.
Google Scholar
Blevins, W. (2006). Phonics from A to Z (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Scholastic.
Google Scholar
Capizzi, A. M., Fuchs, L. S. (2005). Effects of curriculum-based measurement with and without diagnostic feedback on teacher planning. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 159174.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Carlson, J. F., Geisinger, K. F., Jonson, J. L. (Eds.). (2014). The nineteenth mental measurements yearbook. Lincoln, NE: Buros Center for Testing.
Google Scholar
Carlson, J. F., Geisinger, K. F., Jonson, J. L. (Eds.). (2016). The twentieth mental measurements yearbook. Lincoln, NE: Buros Center for Testing.
Google Scholar
Carver, R. P. (1998). Predicting reading level in grades 1 to 6 from listening level and decoding level: Testing theory relevant to the simple view of reading. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 10, 121154.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Carver, R. P. (2003). The highly lawful relationships among pseudoword decoding, word identification, spelling, listening, and reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 7, 127154.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Chall, J. S. (1996). Stages of reading development (2nd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Google Scholar
Christo, C., Davis, J. (2008). Rapid naming and phonological processing as predictors of reading and spelling. The California School Psychologist, 13, 718.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Consortium on Reading Excellence . (2008). Core phonics surveys. In Honing, B., Diamond, L., Nathan, R. (Eds.), Assessing reading: Multiple measures for kindergarten through eighth grade (2nd ed., pp. 6380). Novato, CA: Arena.
Google Scholar
Deeney, T. A. (2010). One-minute fluency measures: Mixed messages in assessment and instruction. The Reading Teacher, 63, 440450.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
DiBenedetto, B., Richardson, E., Kochnower, J. (1983). Vowel generalization in normal and learning disabled readers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 754, 576582.
Google Scholar | Crossref
EasyCBM . (2006). Word reading fluency [Measurement instrument]. Eugene: University of Oregon.
Google Scholar
Ehri, L. C. (1997). Sight word learning in normal readers and dyslexics. In Blachman, B. (Ed.), Foundations of reading acquisition and dyslexia: Implications of early intervention (pp. 163190). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Google Scholar
Ehri, L. C., Wilce, L. S. (1987). Cipher versus cue reading: An experiment in decoding acquisition. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 313.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Engelmann, S. (2007). Student-program alignment and teaching to mastery. Journal of Direct Instruction, 7, 4566.
Google Scholar
FastBridge Learning . (2016a). Decodable word reading [Measure-ment instrument]. Minneapolis, MN.
Google Scholar
FastBridge Learning . (2016b). Nonsense word reading [Measure-ment instrument]. Minneapolis, MN.
Google Scholar
FastBridge Learning . (2016c). Sight word reading [Measurement instrument]. Minneapolis, MN.
Google Scholar
Fletcher, J. M., Lyon, G. R., Fuchs, L. S., Barnes, M. A. (2007). Learning disabilities: From identification to intervention. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Google Scholar
Fry, E. B., Kress, J. E. (2006). The reading teacher’s book of lists (5th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Google Scholar
Fuchs, D., Compton, D. L., Fuchs, L. S., Bouton, B., Caffrey, E. (2011). The construct and predictive validity of a dynamic assessment of young children learning to read: Implications for RTI frameworks. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 44, 339347.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D. (1990). The role of skills analysis in curriculum-based measurement in math. School Psychology Review, 19, 617.
Google Scholar | ISI
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D. (1996). Combining performance assessment and curriculum-based measurement to strengthen instructional planning. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 11, 183192.
Google Scholar
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hamlett, C. L. (2007). Using curriculum-based measurement to inform reading instruction. Reading and Writing, 20, 553567.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hamlett, C. L., Allinder, R. M. (1989). The reliability and validity of skills analysis within curriculum-based measurement. Diagnostique, 14, 203221.
Google Scholar
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hamlett, C. L., Allinder, R. M. (1991). The contribution of skills analysis to curriculum-based measurement in spelling. Exceptional Children, 57, 443452.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M. K., Hamlett, C. L. (2003). The potential for diagnostic analysis within curriculum-based measurement. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 28, 1322.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M. K., Jenkins, J. R. (2001). Oral reading fluency as an indicator of reading competence: A theoretical, empirical, and historical analysis. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5, 239256.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Powell, S. (2004). Using CBM for progress monitoring. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research.
Google Scholar
Geisinger, K. F., Spies, R. A., Carlson, J. F., Plake, B. S. (Eds.). (2007). The seventeenth mental measurements yearbook. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.
Google Scholar
Good, R. H., Kaminski, R. A. (2007). Nonsense word fluency. In Good, R. H., Kaminski, R. A. (Eds.), Dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills (6th ed.). Eugene, OR: Institute for the Development of Educational Achievement. Retrieved from https://dibels.uoregon.edu/assessment/index/materialdownload/?agree=true#dibels
Google Scholar
Good, R. H., Simmons, D. C., Kame’enui, E. J. (2001). The importance and decision-making utility of a continuum of fluency-based indicators of foundational reading skills for third-grade high-stakes outcomes. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5, 257288.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Good, R. H., Simmons, D., Kame’enui, E., Kaminski, R. A., Wallin, J. (2002). Summary of decision rules for intensive, strategic, and benchmark instructional recommendations in kindergarten through third grade. Eugene: University of Oregon.
Google Scholar
Gottardo, A., Chiappe, P., Siegel, L. S., Stanovich, K. E. (1999). Patterns of word and nonword processing in skilled and less-skilled readers. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 11, 465487.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Gough, P. B., Tunmer, W. E. (1986). Decoding, reading and reading disability. Remedial and Special Education, 7, 610.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Hamilton, L., Halverson, R., Jackson, S. S., Mandinach, E., Supovitz, J.A. (2009). Using student achievement data to support instructional decision making. U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/gse_pubs/279
Google Scholar
Henry, M. K. (2010). Unlocking literacy: Effective decoding and spelling instruction (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
Google Scholar
Hosp, J. L., Ardoin, S. P. (2008). Assessment for instructional planning. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 33, 6977.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Hosp, M. K., Fuchs, L. S. (2005). Using CBM as an indicator of decoding, word reading, and comprehension: Do the relations change with grade? School Psychology Review, 34, 926.
Google Scholar | ISI
Hosp, M. K., Hosp, J. L., Howell, K. W. (2016). The ABCs of CBM (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Google Scholar
Joshi, R. M., Aaron, P. G. (2002). Naming speed and word familiarity as confounding factors in decoding. Journal of Research in Reading, 25, 160171.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Kaufman, A. S., Kaufman, N. L. (2014). Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (3rd ed.) [Measurement instrument]. Bloomington, MN: Pearson.
Google Scholar
Martens, B. K., Steele, E. S., Massie, D. R., Diskin, M. T. (1995). Curriculum bias in standardized tests of reading decoding. Journal of School Psychology, 33, 287296.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Mathers, N., Sammons, J., Schwartz, J. (2006). Adaptations of the Names test: Easy-to-use phonics assessments. The Reading Teacher, 60, 114122.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Moats, L., Tolman, C. (2009). Language Essentials for Teachers of Reading and Spelling (LETRS): The challenge of learning to read (Module 1). Boston, MA: Sopris West.
Google Scholar
Murray, M. S., Munger, K. A., Clonan, S. M. (2012). Assessment as a strategy to increase oral reading fluency. Intervention in School and Clinic, 47, 144151.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
National Center for Education Statistics . (2015). The nation’s report card: Mathematics and reading assessments. Washington, DC: Institute of Educational Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.
Google Scholar
National Governors Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers . (2010). Common Core State Standards for English language arts and literacy in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects. Washington, DC: Authors.
Google Scholar
Olinghouse, N. G., Lambert, W., Compton, D. L. (2006). Monitoring children with reading disabilities’ response to phonics intervention: Are there differences between intervention aligned and general skill progress monitoring assessments? Exceptional Children, 73, 90106.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Parker, D. C., Burns, M. K. (2014). Using the instructional level as a criterion to target reading interventions. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 30, 7994.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Perfetti, C. A. (1986). Continuities in reading acquisition, reading skill, and reading disability. Remedial and Special Education, 7, 1121.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Pierce, M., Katzir, T., Wolf, M., Noam, G. (2010). Examining the construct of reading among dysfluent urban children: A factor analysis approach. Journal of Literacy Research, 42, 124158.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Pritchard, S. C., Coltheart, M., Palethorpe, S., Castles, A. (2012). Nonword reading: Comparing dual-cascaded and connectionist dual-process models with human data. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 12681288.
Google Scholar
Reutzel, D. R., Brandt, L., Fawson, P. C., Jones, C. D. (2014). Exploration of the consortium on reading excellence phonics survey: An instrument for assessing primary-grade student’ phonics knowledge. The Elementary School Journal, 115, 4972.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Ritchey, K. D. (2008). Assessing letter sound knowledge: A comparison of letter sound fluency and nonsense word fluency. Exceptional Children, 74, 487506.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Schrank, F. A., Mather, N., McGrew, K. S. (2014). Woodcock Johnson Test of Academic Achievement (4th ed.): Word Attack [Measurement instrument]. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Google Scholar
Spies, R. A., Carlons, J. F., Geisinger, K. F. (Eds.). (2010). The eighteenth mental measurements yearbook. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.
Google Scholar
Torgesen, J. K., Wagner, R. K., Rashotte, C. A. (2012). Test of Word Reading Efficiency (2nd ed.) [Measurement instrument]. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Google Scholar
Van der Lely, H. K. J., Marshall, C. R. (2010). Assessing component language deficits in the early detection of reading difficulty risk. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43, 357368.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Wechsler, D. (2005). Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (3rd ed.) [Measurement instrument]. London, England: The Psychological Corporation.
Google Scholar
Willson, V. L., Rupley, W. H., Rodriguez, M., Mergen, S. (1999). The relationships among orthographic components of word identification and spelling for grades 1-6. Reading Research and Instruction, 39, 89102.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Wilson, S. B., Lonigan, C. J. (2010). Identifying preschool children at risk of later reading difficulties: Evaluation of two emergent literacy screening tools. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43, 6276.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Woodcock, R. W. (2011). Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests (3rd ed.) [Measurement instrument]. Bloomington, MN: Pearson.
Google Scholar
Woodcock, R. W., Johnson, M. B. (2014). Woodcock Johnson Test of Achievement (4th ed.) [Measurement instrument]. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Google Scholar
Zumeta, R. O., Compton, D. L., Fuchs, L. S. (2012). Using word identification fluency to monitor first-grade reading development. Exceptional Children, 78, 201220.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
View access options

My Account

Welcome
You do not have access to this content.



Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

Click the button below for the full-text content

请点击以下获取该全文

Institutional Access

does not have access to this content.

Purchase Content

24 hours online access to download content

Your Access Options


Purchase

AEI-article-ppv for $15.00

Article available in:

Related Articles

Citing articles: 0