Abstract
A new line of research has emerged that examines the prevalence rates of mixed methods within disciplines in the social/behavioral sciences. Research presented in this article is unique in that it examines prevalence rates across multiple disciplines using an established cross-disciplinary classification scheme. Results indicate that there are significant differences in the methods employed (quantitative, mixed, qualitative) in pure (psychology, sociology) as opposed to applied (education, nursing) disciplines. The prevalence rate for mixed methods research is higher in applied (16%) compared with pure disciplines (6%). Quantitative methods and the underlying postpositivistic paradigm are prevalent in articles from ‘‘elite’’ journals from pure disciplines, especially psychology. Methodological issues are discussed, including the importance of the sampling procedures employed in prevalence rates studies.
|
Alise, M.A. ( 2008). Disciplinary differences in preferred research methods: A comparison of groups in the Biglan classification scheme. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA. Google Scholar | |
|
Babbie, E. ( 2002). The basics of social research (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth . Google Scholar | |
|
Becher, T. ( 1989). Academic tribes and territories: Intellectual enquiry and the cultures of disciplines. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Becher, T. , & Trowler, P.R. ( 2001). Academic tribes and territories: Intellectual inquiry and the culture of disciplines (2nd ed.). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Biglan, A. ( 1973a). The characteristics of subject matter in different academic areas. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 195-203. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Biglan, A. ( 1973b). Relationships between subject matter characteristics and the structure and output of university departments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 204-213. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Braxton, J.M. , & Hargens, L.L. ( 1996). Variations among academic disciplines: Analytical frameworks and research. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. 11, pp. 1-46). New York: Agathon Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ( 2005). Reproductive health: Glossary. Atlanta, GA: Author. Retrieved January 7, 2010, from http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/EpiGlossary/glossary.htm Google Scholar | |
|
Creswell, J.W. ( 2007a). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education . Google Scholar | |
|
Creswell, J.W. ( 2007b). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Creswell, J.W. ( 2009). Mapping the field of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(2), 95-108. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Creswell, J.W. , & Bean, J.P. ( 1981). Research output, socialization, and the Biglan model . Research in Higher Education, 15(1), 69-91. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Creswell, J. , & Plano Clark, V. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Del Favero, M. ( 2006). An examination of the relationship between academic discipline and cognitive complexity in academic deans’ administrative behavior . Research in Higher Education, 47, 281-315. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dellinger, A.B. , & Leech, N.L. ( 2007). Toward a unified validation framework in mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(4), 309-332. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Denzin, N.K. ( 1989). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological method (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2005a). The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 1-32). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2005b). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Fidel, R. ( 2008). Are we there yet? Mixed methods research in library and information science. Library & Information Science Research , 30, 265-272. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gage, N.L. ( 1989). The paradigm wars and their aftermath: A ‘‘historical’’ sketch of research and teaching since 1989. Educational Researcher , 18(7), 4-10. Google Scholar | |
|
Geertz, C. ( 1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. New York: Basic Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Geertz, C. ( 1980). Blurred genres: The refiguration of social thought. American Scholar, 42, 165-179. Greene, J.C. (2007). Mixing methods in social inquiry. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Guba, E.G. ( 1990). The paradigm dialog. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Guba, E.G. , & Lincoln, Y.S. ( 1988). Do inquiry paradigms imply inquiry methodologies? In Fetterman, D. M. (Ed.), Qualitative approaches to evaluation in education (pp. 89-115). New York: Praeger. Google Scholar | |
|
Guba, E.G. , & Lincoln, Y.S. ( 2005). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 191-216). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Hagstrom, W.O. ( 1964). Traditional and modern forms of scientific teamwork. Administrative Science Quarterly, 9, 241-263. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hagstrom, W.O. ( 1965). The scientific community. New York : Basic Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Hart, L.C. , Smith, S.Z. , Swars, S.L. , & Smith, M.E. ( 2009). An examination of research methods in mathematics education (1995-2005). Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(1), 26-41. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hargens, L.L. ( 1975). Patterns of scientific research (American Sociological Association Rose Monograph Series). Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. Google Scholar | |
|
Hargens, L.L. ( 1996, November). Interpreting Biglan’s ‘‘hard-soft’’ dimension of disciplinary variation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education , Memphis, TN. Google Scholar | |
|
Hayes, N. (Ed.). (1997). Doing qualitative analysis in psychology. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Hothersall, D. ( 1995). History of psychology (3rd ed.). Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Howe, K.R. ( 1988). Against the quantitative-qualitative incompatibility thesis or dogmas die hard. Educational Researcher, 17(8), 10-16. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Hurmerinta-Peltomaki, L. , & Nummela, N. ( 2006). Mixed methods in international business research: A value-added perspective. Management International Review, 46, 439-459. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hutchinson, S.R. , & Lovell, C.D. ( 2004). A review of methodological characteristics of research published in key journals in higher education: Implications for graduate research teaching. Research in Higher Education, 45, 383-403. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ivankova, K. , & Kawamura, K. (in press). Emerging trends in the utilization of integrated designs in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Johnson, R.B. , & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Johnson, R.B. , & Onwuegbuzie, A.J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher 33(7), 14-26. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Johnson, R.B. , & Turner, L. ( 2003). Data collection strategies in mixed methods research . In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (pp. 297-320). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Journal Citation Reports. (2005). Social sciences edition. New York: Thompson ISI. Google Scholar | |
|
Klein, J.T. ( 2004). Interdisciplinary approaches in social science research . In W. Outhwaite & S. P. Turner (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of social science methodology (pp. 32-49). London: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Krathwohl, D.R. ( 1998). Methods of educational and social research: An integrated approach (2nd ed.). New York : Addison-Wesley Longman. Google Scholar | |
|
Kuhn, T.S. ( 1970). The nature of scientific revolutions (2nd ed., enlarged). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Lincoln, Y. , & Guba, E. ( 1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Lodahl, J.B. , & Gordon, G. ( 1972). The structure of scientific fields and the functioning of university graduate departments. American Sociological Review, 37(1), 57-72. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Malaney, G.D. ( 1986). Differentiation in graduate education. Research in Higher Education, 25(1), 82-96. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mertens, D.M. ( 2007). Transformative paradigm: Mixed methods and social justice . Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(3), 212-225. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Morse, J.M. ( 1991). Approaches to qualitative-quantitative methodological triangulation. Nursing Research, 40(2), 120-123. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Morse, J.M. ( 2003). Principles of mixed methods and multimethod research design. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (pp. 189-208). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Niglas, K. ( 2004). The combined use of qualitative and quantitative methods in educational research. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tallinn Pedagogical University, Tallinn, Estonia. Google Scholar | |
|
O’Cathain, A. (in press). Assessing the quality of mixed methods research: Towards a comprehensive framework. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Onwuegbuzie, A.J. , & Johnson, R.B. ( 2006). The validity issue in mixed research. Research in the Schools, 13(1), 48-63. Google Scholar | |
|
Onwuegbuzie, A.J. , & Teddlie, C. ( 2003). A framework for analyzing data in mixed methods research . In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (pp. 351-383). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Patton, M.Q. ( 2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Paulsen, M. , & Wells, C.T. ( 1998). Domain differences in the epistemological beliefs of college students. Research in Higher Education, 39, 365-384. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rossman, G. , & Wilson, B. ( 1985). Numbers and words: Combining quantitative and qualitative methods in a single large scale evaluation study. Evaluation Review, 9, 627-643. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Schommer-Aikins, M. , Duell, O.K. , & Barker, S. ( 2003). Epistemological beliefs across domains using Biglan’s classification of academic disciplines. Research in Higher Education 44, 347-366. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Scott, P.S. , & Briggs, J.S. ( 2009). A pragmatist argument for mixed methods in medical informatics . Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(3), 223-241. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Sinclair, A. , & Muffo, J. ( 2002, June). The uses of Biglan categories in assessing general education courses. Paper presented at the annual forum for the Association for Institutional Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, J.A. ( 2008). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide (2nd ed.). London: SAGE . Google Scholar | |
|
Song, M. , Sandelowski, M. , & Happ, M.B. (in press). Current practices and emerging trends in conducting mixed methods intervention studies. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Stoecker, J.L. ( 1993). The Biglan classification revisited. Research in Higher Education, 34, 451-464. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Storer, N.W. ( 1967). The hard sciences and the soft: Some sociological observations . Bulletin of the American Medical Association, 55(1), 75-84. Google Scholar | |
|
Tashakkori, A. , & Teddlie, C. ( 1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Tashakkori, A. , & Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA : SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Tashakkori, A. , & Teddlie, C. ( 2008). Quality of inference in mixed methods research: Calling for an integrative framework. In M. M. Bergman (Ed.), Advances in mixed methods research: Theories and applications (pp. 101-119). London: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Teddlie, C. , & Johnson, B. ( 2009). Methodological thought since the twentieth century. In C. Teddlie & A. Tashakkori (Eds.), The foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative techniques in the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 62-82). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Teddlie, C. , & Tashakkori, A. (2003). Major issues and controversies in the use of mixed methods in the behavioral and social sciences. In A. Tashakkor & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 3-50). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Teddlie, C. , & Tashakkori, A. (2009). The foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative techniques in the social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Teddlie, C. , & Yu, F. ( 2007). Mixed methods sampling: A typology with examples. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 77-100. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Todd, Z. , Nerlich, B. , McKeown, S. , & Clarke, D. D. (Eds.). (2004). Mixing methods in psychology. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Truscott, D. , Swars, S. , Smith, S. , Thornton-Reid, F. , Zhao, Y. , & Dooley, C. (in press). A cross-disciplinary examination of the prevalence of mixed methods in educational research: 1995-2005. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Waszak, C. , & Sines, M. ( 2003). Mixed methods in psychological research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (pp. 557-576). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Whitmire, E. ( 2002). Disciplinary differences and undergraduates’ information-seeking behavior. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 53, 631-638. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Willig, C. ( 2001). Introducing qualitative research in psychology: Adventures in theory and method. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Yoshikawa, H. , Weisner, T.D. , Kalil, A. , & Way, N. ( 2008). Mixing qualitative and quantitative research in developmental science: Uses and methodological choices. Developmental Psychology , 33, 344-354. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |

