![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
This article challenges the idea that mixed methods research (MMR) constitutes a coherent research paradigm and explores how different research paradigms exist within MMR. Tracing paradigmatic differences at the level of methods, ontology, and epistemology, two MMR strategies are discussed: nested analysis, recently presented by the American political scientist Evan S. Lieberman, and praxeological knowledge, inspired by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. These strategies address two different epistemological problems, namely, the problem of causal inference and the problem of double hermeneutics. Consequently, the research designs as well as the understandings of the “qualitative component” differ noticeably. Realizing such differences at the ontological, epistemological, and methodological level contributes to discussions on how to move forward MMR, embracing differences instead of imposing homogeneity.
|
Alise, M.A. , & Teddlie, C. ( 2010). A continuation of the paradigm wars? Prevalence rates of methodological approaches across the social/behavioral sciences. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 4(2), 103-126. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Archer, M.S. ( 2000). Being human: The problem of agency. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bachelard, G. ( 1968). The philosophy of no. A philosophy of the new scientific mind. New York, NY: Orlon. Google Scholar | |
|
Benhabib, S. ( 1986). Critique, norm and utopia. A study of the foundations of critical theory. New York. NY: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bennett, A. , & Elman, C. ( 2006). Complex causal relations and case study methods: The example of path dependence. Political Analysis, 14, 250-267. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bennett, A. , & Elman, C. ( 2007). Case study methods in the international relations subfield . Comparative Political Studies, 40, 170-195. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Bennett, T. , Savage, M. , Silva, E.B. , Warde, A. , Gayo-Cal, M. , & Wright, C. ( 2009). Culture, class, distinction. London , England: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Bernstein, R.J. ( 1983). Beyond objectivism and relativism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bernstein, R.J. ( 1992). The resurgence of pragmatism. Social Research, 59, 813-840. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Bhaskar, R. ( 1978). A realist theory of science. Sussex , England: Harvester Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Blakie, N. ( 2010). Designing social research (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bourdieu, P. ( 1973). The three forms of theoretical knowledge. Social Science Information, 12, 53-80. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Bourdieu, P. ( 1984). Distinction. A social critique of the judgement of taste . London, England: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Bourdieu, P. ( 1988). Homo academicus. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bourdieu, P. ( 1996). The state nobility. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bourdieu, P. ( 2000). Pascalian meditations. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bourdieu, P. ( 2004). Science of science and reflexivity. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. (Original work published 2001) Google Scholar | |
|
Bourdieu, P. , Accardo, A. , Balazs, G. , Beaud, S. , Bonvin, F. , Boudieu, E. , . . . Wacquant, L.J.D. (1999). The weight of the world. Social suffering in contemporary society. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bourdieu, P. , Chamboredon, J.-C. , & Passeron, J.-C. (1991). The craft of sociology-Epistemological preliminaries. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Walter de Gruyter. (Original work published 1968 ) Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Brady, H.E. ( 2008), Causation and explanation. In J. M. Box-Steffensmeier , H. E. Brady , & D. Collier (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political methodology (pp. 217-270). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Broady, D. ( 1991). Sociologi og Epistemologi. Om Pierre Bourdieus författerskap och den historiske epistemologin [Sociology and Epistemology: On Pierre Bourdieu and Historical Epistemology]. Stockholm, Sweden: HLS Förlag. Google Scholar | |
|
Bryman, A. ( 2006a). Integration quantitative and qualitative research: How is it done? Qualitative Research, 6, 97-113. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Bryman, A. ( 2006b). Mixed methods I-IV. London, England: SAGE. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Campbell, D.T. , & Fiske, D.W. ( 1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multi-method matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Collier, D. , & Brady, H.E. ( 2004). Rethinking social inquiry. Diverse tools, shared standards . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield . Google Scholar | |
|
Collier, D. , & Mahoney, J. ( 1996). Insights and pitfalls: Selection bias in qualitative research. World Politics, 49, 56-91. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Collier, D. , Brady, H.E. , & Seawright, J. ( 2004). Sources of leverage in causal inference: Toward an alternative view of methodology. In D. Collier & H. E. Brady (Eds.), Rethinking social inquiry. Diverse tools, shared standards (pp. 229-266). Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield. Google Scholar | |
|
Creswell, J.W. , & Tashakkori, A. (2007). Editorial: Differing perspectives on mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research , 1(4), 303-308. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Creswell, J.W. , & Plano Clark, V.L. (2008). The mixed methods reader . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Creswell, J.W. , & Plano Clark, V.L. (2010). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Creswell, J.W. , Shope, R. , Plano Clark, V.L. , & Green, D.O. ( 2006). How interpretive qualitative research extends mixed methods research. Research in the Schools, 13, 1-11. Google Scholar | |
|
de Vaus, D. ( 2001). Research design in social research. London, England: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Denscombe, M. ( 2008). Communities of practice: A research paradigm for the mixed methods approach. Journal of Mixed Methods Research , 2(3), 270-283. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Dewey, J. ( 1991). The pattern of inquiry. In J. Dewey (Ed.), The later works (p. 12). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Faeron, J.D. , & Laitin, D.D. ( 2008). Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods. In J. M. Box-Steffensmeier , H. E. Brady , & D. Collier (Eds.), Political methodology (pp. 756-776). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Felizer, M.Y. ( 2010). Doing mixed methods research pragmatically: Implications for the rediscovery of pragmatism as a research paradigm. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 4(1), 6-16. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Fries, C. ( 2009). Bourdieu’s reflexive sociology as a theoretical basis for mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(4), 326-348. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
George, A.L. , & Bennett, A. ( 2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences . Cambridge: MIT Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Gerring, J. ( 2007). Case study research. Principles and practices. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Giddens, A. ( 1993). New rules of sociological methods (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Polity Press. (Original work published 1976) Google Scholar | |
|
Glennan, S.S. ( 1996). Mechanisms and the nature of causation. Erkenntnis, 44, 49-71. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Greene, J.C. ( 2007). Mixed methods in social inquiry. San Francisco, CA: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Habermas, J. ( 1981). Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, Band I+II [The Theory of Communicative Action, Vol I+II]. Frankfurt, Germany: Suhrkamp Verlag. Google Scholar | |
|
Habermas, J. ( 1999). Wahrheit und Rechtfertigung. Philosophische Aufsätze [Truth and Justification]. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag. Google Scholar | |
|
Harrington, A. ( 2000). In defence of Verstehen and Erklären: Wilhelm Dilthey’s ideas concerning a descriptive and analytical psychology. Theory and Psychology, 10, 435-451. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Harrits, G.S. ( 2005). Hvad betyder klasse? En rekonstruktion af klassebegrebet med henblik på en analyse af sammenhængen mellem klasser og politisk deltagelse i Danmark [The meaning and importance of class. Reconstructing the concept of social class and analysing the relationship between social class and political participation in Denmark]. Århus , Denmark: Forlaget Politica. Google Scholar | |
|
Holland, P.W. ( 1986). Statistics and causal inference. Journal of American Statistical Association, 81, 945-960. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Johnson, R.B. , & Onwuegbuzie, A.J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher , 33, 14-26. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Johnson, R.B. , Onwuegbuzie, A.J. , & Turner, L.A. ( 2007). Towards a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112-133. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kelle, U. , & Erzberger, C. ( 1999). Integration Qualitativer und Quantitativer Methoden. Methodologische Modelle und ihre Bedeutung für die Forschungspraxis [The Integration of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, Methodological Models and their impact on research practice]. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsykologie, 51, 509-531. Google Scholar | |
|
Khong,Y.F. ( 1992). Analogies at war: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam decisions of 1965. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
King, G. , Keohane, R.O. , & Verba, S. ( 1994). Designing social inquiry. Scientific inference in qualitative research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Kuhn, T. ( 1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed., enlarged). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1962 ) Google Scholar | |
|
Kvale, S. ( 1996). InterViews. An introduction to qualitative research interviewing . London, England: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Leech, N.L. , & Onwuegbuzie, A.J. (2009). A typology of mixed method research designs. Quality and Quantity, 43, 265-275. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lieberman, E.S. ( 2003). Race and regionalism in the politics of taxation in Brazil and South Africa. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lieberman, E.S. ( 2005). Nested analysis as a mixed-method strategy for comparative research. American Political Science Review, 99, 435-452. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Luetgert, B. , & Dannwolf, T. ( 2009). Mixing methods: A nested analysis of EU member state transposition patterns. European Union Politics, 10, 307-334. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Machamer, P. , Darden, L. , & Craver, C.F. ( 2000). Thinking about mechanisms. Philosophy of Science, 67, 1-25. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mahoney, J. ( 2005). Clarifying comparative-historical methodology. Qualitative Methods, 3, 19-22. Google Scholar | |
|
Mahoney, J. , & Goertz, G. ( 2006). A tale of two cultures: Contrasting quantitative and qualitative research. Political Analysis, 14, 227-249. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Makkreel, R.A. ( 1975). Dilthey. Philosopher of the human studies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Maxwell, J.A. ( 2004a). Qualitative research, and scientific inquiry in education . Educational Researcher, 33, 3-11. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Maxwell, J.A. ( 2004b). Using qualitative methods for causal explanation. Field Methods, 16, 243-264. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Moravcsik, A. ( 1998). The choice for Europe: Social purpose and state power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Morgan, D.L. ( 2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 48-76. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Mos, L.P. ( 1998). On methodological distinctions: Nomothetic psychology, or historical understanding. Theory and Psychology, 8, 39-57. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Munck, G.L. , & Snyder, R. ( 2007a). Debating the direction of comparative politics: An analysis of leading journals. Comparative Political Studies, 40, 5-31. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Munck, G.L. , & Snyder, R. ( 2007b). Rejoinder: Visions of comparative politics. A reply to Mahoney and Wibbels. Comparative Political Studies, 40, 45-47. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Munck, G.L. , & Verkuilen, J. ( 2005). Research designs. Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 3, 385-395. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Natasi, B.K. , Hitchcock, J.H. , & Brown, L.M. ( 2010). An inclusive framework for conceptualizing mixed methods design typologies. Moving towards fully integrated synergistic research models . In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (3rd ed., pp. 305-338). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Pitkin, H.F. ( 1972). Wittgenstein and justice. On the significance of Ludwig Wittgenstein for social and political thought. Berkeley : University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ragin, C.C. ( 1987). The comparative method. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Rohlfing, I. ( 2008). What you see and what you get. Pitfalls and principles of nested analysis in comparative research. Comparative Political Studies, 41, 1492-1514. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Rouanet, H. , Ackermann, W. , & Le Roux, B. (2000). The geometric analysis of questionnaires: The lesson of Bourdieu’s La Distinction. Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 65, 5-15. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Sayer, A. ( 1992). Method in social science: A realist approach (2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Schütz, A. , & Luckmann, T. ( 2003). Strukturen der Lebenswelt [Structures of the life-world] . Konstanz, Germany: UKV Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. Google Scholar | |
|
Scott, P.J. , & Briggs, J.A. ( 2009). A pragmatist argument for mixed methodology in medical informatics. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(3), 223-241. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Silva, E.B. , & Wright, D. ( 2008). Researching cultural capital: Complexities in mixing methods. Methodological Innovations, 2(3). Retrieved from http://erdt.plymouth.ac.uk/mionline/public_html/viewarticle.php?id=65&layout=html Google Scholar | |
|
Silva, E.B. , Warde, A. , & Wright, D. ( 2009). Using mixed methods for analyzing culture: The Cultural Capital and Social Exclusion Project. Cultural Sociology, 3, 299-316. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Tannenwald, N. ( 1999) The nuclear taboo: The United States and the normative basis of nuclear non-use. International Organization, 53, 433-468. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Tashakkori, A. , & Teddlie, C. ( 2010). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Teddlie, C. , & Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research. Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Tönnies, F. ( 1964). Community and society. East Lansing : Michigan State University Press. (Original work published 1912) Google Scholar | |
|
Weininger, E.B. ( 2002). Class and causation in Bourdieu. In J. M. Lehmann (Ed.), Current perspectives in social theory: Bringing capitalism back for critique by social theory (Vol. 21, pp. 49-114). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Yanow, D. ( 2005). In the house of "science," there are many rooms. In K. Renwick Monroe (Ed.), Perestroika. The Racucous rebellion in political science (pp. 200-217). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Google Scholar |
