Increasing recognition of the role of social conditions in health has led to calls for methods that can be used to change social conditions. Popular education has demonstrated great promise as a methodology that can be used to address the underlying social and structural determinants of health. To date, most studies of popular education have used qualitative methods and case study designs, making them less compelling for decision makers. La Palabra es Salud (The Word Is Health) compared the relative effectiveness of popular and conventional education using a participatory, quasi-experimental, mixed methods design. Use of this model can enhance our understanding of popular education and raise its profile among researchers and practitioners in multiple disciplines, thus potentially extending its benefits.

Arenas-Monreal, L., Paulo-Maya, A., López-González, H. E. (1999). Educación popular y nutrición infantil: Experiencia de trabajo con mujeres en una zona rural de México. [Popular education and child nutrition: Experience of work with women in a rural area of Mexico]. Revista de Saúde Pública, 33, 113-121.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Bralich, J. (1994). Educación popular: Historia y conceptualización. [Popular education: History and conceptualization]. Montevideo, Uruguay: Ediciones Populares para América Latina (EPPAL).
Google Scholar
Caldart, R. S. (2004). Pedagogia do Movimento Sem Terra [Pedagogy of the Landless Movement]. São Paulo, Brazil: Editora Expressão Popular.
Google Scholar
Calori, C., Hart, J., Tein, N., Burres, S. (2010). Exploring the integration of CHWs as integral team members of the public health workforce: A brief summary. Washington, DC: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Google Scholar
Catalani, C. E. C., Findley, S. E., Matos, S., Rodriguez, R. (2009). Community health worker insights on their training and certification. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 3.3, 227-235. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.lib.pdx.edu/journals/cpr/summary/v003/3.3.catalani01.html
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2011). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/brfss
Google Scholar
Chatterton, P. (2008). Using geography to teach freedom and defiance: Lessons in social change from “Autonomous Geographies.” Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 32, 419-440.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Crowther, J., Galloway, V., Martin, I. (2005). Popular education: Engaging the academy. Leicester, England: NIACE.
Google Scholar
Farquhar, S. A., Michael, Y. L., Wiggins, N. (2005). Building on leadership and social capital to create change in two urban communities. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 596-601.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Ferreira-Pinto, J., Ramos, R. (1995). HIV/AIDS prevention among female sexual partners of injection drug users in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. AIDS Care, 7, 477-488. doi:10.1080/09540129550126425
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Freire, P. (1985). The politics of education. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Freire, P. (1992). Conversando con educadores [Conversing with educators]. Montevideo, Uruguay: Editorial Roca Viva.
Google Scholar
Freire, P. (2003). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum.
Google Scholar
Hanson, W. E., Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Petska, K. S., Creswell, D. J. (2005). Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2, 224-235. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.224
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Hofrichter, R. (2003). The politics of health inequities: Contested terrain. In Hofrichter, R. (Ed.), Health and social justice: Politics, ideology, and inequity in the distribution of disease (pp. 1-56). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Google Scholar
Horton, M. (2003). The Miles Horton reader: Education for social change (Jacobs, D. , Ed.). Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
Google Scholar
Israel, B. A., Checkoway, B., Schulz, A., Zimmerman, M. (1994). Health education and community empowerment: Conceptualizing and measuring perceptions of individual, organizational, and community control. Health Education Quarterly, 21, 149-170.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Israel, B. A., Shulz, A. J., Parker, E., Becker, A. B. (1998). Review of community-based participatory research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annual Review of Public Health, 19, 173-202.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Irwin, S. (2008). Data analysis and interpretation: Emergent issues in linking qualitative and quantitative evidence. In Hesse-Biber, S. N., Leavy, P. (Eds.), Handbook of emergent methods (pp. 415-435). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Google Scholar
Kane, L. (2001). Popular education and social change in Latin America. London, England: Latin America Bureau.
Google Scholar
Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. New York, NY: Harper.
Google Scholar
Mark, M. M. (2008). Emergence in and from quasi-experimental design and analysis. In Hesse-Biber, S. N., Leavy, P. (Eds.), Handbook of emergent methods (pp. 87-108). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
Google Scholar
Mertens, D.M. (2007). Transformative paradigm: mixed methods and social justice. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1, 212-225. doi: 10.1177/1558689807302811
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Mertens, D. M. (2011). Publishing mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 5(3), 3-6.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Michael, Y. L., Farquhar, S. A., Wiggins, N., Green, M. K. (2008). Findings from a Community-based Participatory Prevention Research Intervention Designed to Increase Social Capital in Latino and African American Communities. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 10, 281-289. doi: 10.1007/s10903-007-9078-2.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
Minkler, M., Cox, K. (1980). Creating critical consciousness in health: Applications of Freire’s philosophy and methods to the health care setting. International Journal of Health Services, 10, 311-322.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Minker, M. (2005). “Collaborative Research: A Promising Approach for Studying and Addressing Community Health,” Plenary Address to the Northwest Health Foundation’s Second Annual Community-Based Collaborative Research Conference, Portland, Oregon, September 19, 2005.
Google Scholar
Morgan, D. L. (2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 48-76.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Johnson, R. B. (2006). The validity issue in mixed research. Research in the Schools, 13, 48-63.
Google Scholar
Pinto, R. M., da Silva, S. B., Penido, C., Spector, A. (2012). International participatory research framework: Triangulating procedures to build health research capacity in Brazil. Health Promotion International, 27, 435-444.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Pinto, R. M., da Silva, S. B., Soriano, R. (2012). Community health workers in Brazil’s unified health system: A framework of their praxis and contributions to patient health behaviors. Social Science & Medicine, 74, 940-947. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.025
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Pinto, R. M., Wall, M., Yu, G., Penido, C., Schmidt, C. (2012). Primary care and public health services integration in Brazil’s unified health system. American Journal of Public Health, 102, e69-e76.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Plano Clark, V. P., Creswell, J. W. (2008). The mixed methods reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
Romero, L., Wallerstein, N., Lucero, J., Fredine, H. G., Keefe, J., O’Connell, J. (2006). Woman to woman: Coming together for positive change—Using empowerment and popular education to prevent HIV in women. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18, 390-405.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Rosenthal, E. L., Brownstein, J. N., Rush, C. H., Hirsch, G. R., Willaert, A. M., Scott, J. R., . . . Fox, D. J. (2010). Community health workers: Part of the solution. Health Affairs, 29, 1338-1342. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0081
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Rosenthal, E. L., Wiggins, N., Ingram, M., Mayfield-Johnson, S., De Zapien, J.G. (2011). Community health workers then and now: An overview of national studies aimed at defining the field. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 34, 247-259.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Strauss, A., Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
Tashakkori, A., Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Google Scholar
Teddlie, C., Tashakkori, A., Johnson, B. (2008). Emergent techniques in the gathering and analysis of mixed methods data. In Hesse-Biber, S. N., Leavy, P. (Eds.), Handbook of emergent methods (pp. 389-413). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
Google Scholar
Viswanathan, M., Kraschnewski, J., Nishikawa, B., Morgan, L. C., Thieda, P., Honeycutt, A., . . . Jonas, D. (2009). Outcomes of community health worker interventions (Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 181; AHRQ Publication No. 09-E014). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Google Scholar
Wallerstein, N. (2006). What is the evidence on effectiveness of empowerment to improve health? (Health Evidence Network Report). Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E88086.pdf
Google Scholar
Wallerstein, N., Auerbach, E. (2004). Problem-posing at work: Popular educator’s guide. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Grass Roots Press.
Google Scholar
Wallerstein, N., Bernstein, E. (1988). Empowerment education: Freire’s ideas adapted to health education. Health Education Quarterly, 15, 379-394.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Wallerstein, N., Duran, B. (2003). The conceptual, historical, and practice roots of community based participatory research and related participatory traditions. In Minkler, M., Wallerstein, N. (Eds.), Community based participatory research for health (pp. 27-52). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Google Scholar
Wallerstein, N., Sanchez-Merki, V., Dow, L. (1999). Freirian praxis in health education and community organizing: A case study of an adolescent prevention program. In Minkler, M. (Ed.), Community organizing and community building for health (pp. 195-211). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Google Scholar
Wallerstein, N. B., Yen, I. H., Syme, S. L. (2011). Integration of social epidemiology and community-engaged interventions to improve health equity. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 822-830.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Ware, J., Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473-483.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Weinger, M., Lyons, M. (1992). Problem-solving in the field: an action-oriented approach to farmworker education about pesticides. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 22, 677-690.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Wiggins, N. (2010). La Palabra es Salud: A comparative study of the effectiveness of popular education vs. traditional education for enhancing health knowledge and skills and increasing empowerment among parish-based community health workers (CHWs) (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Dissertation and Theses. (AAT 3407867)
Google Scholar
Wiggins, N. (2011a). Popular education for health promotion and community empowerment: A review of the literature. Health Promotion International. Advance online publication. doi:10.1093/heapro/dar046
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Wiggins, N. (2011b). Critical pedagogy and popular education: Towards a unity of theory and practice. Studies in the Education of Adults, 43, 34-49.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Wiggins, N., Borbón, A. (1998). Core roles and competencies of community health workers. In Rosenthal, E. L., Wiggins, N., Brownstein, N., Johnson, S. (Eds.), Final report of the national community health advisor study (pp. 11-16). Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation.
Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. A. (1990). Taking aim on empowerment research: On the distinction between individual and psychological control. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 169-177. doi:10.1007/BF00922695
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational and community levels of analysis. In Rappaport, J., Seidman, E. (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 43-63). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Google Scholar | Crossref
View access options

My Account

Welcome
You do not have access to this content.



Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

Click the button below for the full-text content

请点击以下获取该全文

Institutional Access

does not have access to this content.

Purchase Content

24 hours online access to download content

Your Access Options


Purchase

MMR-article-ppv for $36.00