Abstract
The study of context-based leadership practices has gained currency during the last decade. This study aims to complement the recent efforts of researchers in identifying the context-based leadership practices of successful school leaders, and deliberating how these practices are enacted within their own unique contexts. An in-depth case study was conducted in a successful school in northern Malaysia using a combination of case study methods and grounded theory. Case study methods were used for data collection from multiple sources, employing a semi-structured interview protocol derived from the one used in several studies conducted under the International Successful School Principalship Project. The findings of the case study reveal that strong interpersonal skills, people-centered leadership, clear communication of vision and goal, focus on academic achievement, co-curricular activities, developing people and creating a positive work environment are all vital constituents of successful leadership. The findings will attempt to add to the scant literature on context-based leadership practices from Malaysia. Implications for practice can be drawn for policymakers, who must resist overreliance on borrowed leadership models, while practitioners need to prioritize their practices based upon the contextual requirements to succeed.
|
Abbott, DV (2008) A functionality framework for educational organizations: Achieving accountability at scale. In Mandinach, E, Honey, M (eds) Data Driven School Improvement: Linking Data and Learning. New York: Teachers College Press, pp.257–276. Google Scholar | |
|
Anderson, S, Leithwood, K, Strauss, T (2010) Leading data use in schools: Organizational conditions and practices at the school and district level. Leadership and Policy in Schools 9: 292–327. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Akkary, RK (2014) The role and role context of the Lebanese school principal: Toward a culturally grounded understanding of the principalship. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 42(5): 718–742. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Bajunid, IA (1996) Preliminary explorations of indigenous perspectives of educational management: The evolving Malaysian experience. Journal of Educational Administration 34(5): 50–73. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bass, BM (1985) Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations. New York: The Free Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Branch, GF, Hanushek, EA, Rivkin, SG (2013) School leaders matter. Education Next 63–69. Google Scholar | |
|
Bush, T, Middlewood, D (2013) Leading and Managing People in Education. 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Caroll, B, Levy, L, Richmond, D (2008) Leadership as practice: Challenging the competency paradigm. Leadership 4(4): 363–379. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Charmaz, K (2000) Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods. In Denzin, NK, Lincoln, YS (eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, pp.509–535. Google Scholar | |
|
Charmaz, K (2006) Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Cotton, K (2003) Principals and Student Achievement: What the Research Says. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Google Scholar | |
|
Darling-Hammond, L (2000) Reforming teacher preparation and licensing: Continuing the debate. Teachers College Record 102(1): 5–27. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Darling-Hammond, L, Berry, B, Thorenson, A (2001) Does teacher certification matter? Evaluating the evidence. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 23(1): 57–77. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Darling-Hammond, L, Chung, R, Frelow, F (2002) Variation in teacher preparation: How well do different pathways prepare teachers to teach? Journal of Teacher Education 53(4): 286–302. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Denzin, NK (1978) Sociological Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Day, C (2005) The UK Policy for School Leadership: Uneasy Transitions. In: Bascia, N, Cumming, A, Datnow, A, Leithwood, K, Livingstone, D (eds) International Handbook of Educational Policy. Dordrecht: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Day, C, Leithwood, K (eds) (2007) Successful Principal Leadership in Times of Change: An International Perspective. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Day, C. (2000) Leading Schools in Times of Change. Buckingham: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Day, C, Sammons, P, Hopkins, D. (2010) 10 Strong Claims about School Leadership. Nottingham, UK: National College of Leadership for Schools and Children Services, p.8. Google Scholar | |
|
De Bruyn, PP (2007) Organisational development in schools through quality management. In: Van der Westhuizen, PC (ed.) Schools as Organisations. 3rd ed. Pretoria: Van Schaik, pp.293–311. Google Scholar | |
|
Department of Statistics Malaysia (2014) The Department of Statistics Portal. Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&id=1215 (accessed 16 August 2014). Google Scholar | |
|
Dimmock, C (2002) Educational Leadership: Taking account of complex global and cultural contexts. In: Walker, A, Dimmock, C (eds). School Leadership and Administration: Adopting a Cultural Perspective. New York: Routledge/Falmer, pp.33–44. Google Scholar | |
|
Ferguson, R (1998) Teachers’ perceptions and the black-white test score gap. In: Jencks, C, Phillips, M (eds). The Black-White Test Score Gap. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, pp.273–317. Google Scholar | |
|
Fullan, M, Hargreaves, A (1996) What’s Worth Fighting for in your School? New York: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Goldring, EB, Huff, JT, Stitziel, Pareja, A. (2008) Measuring principals’ content knowledge of learning-centered leadership. In: The annual conference of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY. Google Scholar | |
|
Goldhaber, D (2002) The mystery of good teaching: Surveying the evidence on student achievement and teachers’ characteristics. Education Next 2(1): 50–55. Google Scholar | |
|
Government of Malaysia (2014) The Government of Malaysia’s Official Portal. Available at: https://www.malaysia.gov.my/about-malaysia?categoryId=3208945 (accessed 24 August 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Grint, K (2005) Problems, problems, problems: The social construction of leadership. Human Relations 58(11): 1467–1494. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Guba, EG, Lincoln, YS (1982) Epistemological and methodological bases of naturalistic inquiry. Educational Communications and Technology Journal 30(4): 233–252. Google Scholar | |
|
Gurr, D (2015) A model of successful school leadership from the International Successful School Principalship Project. Societies 5: 136–150. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gurr, D. (2003) Successful school leadership in Victoria: Three case studies. Leading & Managing 9(1): 18–37. Google Scholar | |
|
Gurr, D, Drysdale, L, Mulford, B (2005) Successful principal leadership: Australian case studies. Journal of Educational Administration 43(6): 539–551. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gurr, D, Drysdale, L, Mulford, B (2010) Australian Principal Instructional Leadership. Magis 2(4): 299–314. Google Scholar | |
|
Hallinger, P (2004) Leading educational change: Reflections on the practice of instructional and transformational leadership. Cambridge Journal of Education 33(3): 329–351. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hallinger, P, Heck, R (1996) Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness: A review of empirical research, 1980-1995. Educational Administration Quarterly 32(1): 5–44. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hirsch, E (2005) Teacher working conditions are student learning conditions: A report to Governor Mike Easley on the 2004 North Carolina teacher working conditions survey. Chapel Hill, NC: Southeast Center for Teaching Quality. Google Scholar | |
|
Hofstede, G (2001) Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Höög, J, Johansson, O, Olofsson, A (2005) Successful Principalship –The Swedish Case. Journal of Educational Administration 43(6): 595–606. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Jacobson, SL. (2005) Successful leadership in challenging US schools: Enabling principles, enabling schools. Journal of Educational Administration 43(6): 607–618. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Johnson, L, Møller, J, Jacobson, SL. (2008) Cross-national comparisons in the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP): The USA, Norway and China. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 52(4): 407–422. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Klar, HW, Brewer, CA (2013) Successful leadership in high-needs schools: An examination of core leadership practices enacted in challenging contexts. Educational Administration Quarterly 49(5): 768–808. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Leithwood, K (1992) The move toward transformational leadership. Educational Leadership 49(5): 8–12. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Leithwood, K (2006) Teacher Working Conditions that Matter: Evidence for Change. Toronto: Elementary Teacher’s Federation of Ontario, Toronto. Google Scholar | |
|
Leithwood, K, Jantzi, D (2005) A review of transformational school leadership research 1996–2005. Leadership and Policy in Schools 4: 177–199. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Leithwood, K, Harris, A, Hopkins, D (2008) Seven strong claims about successful school leadership. School Leadership and Management 28(1): 27–42. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Leithwood, K, Harris, A, Strauss, T (2010) Leading School Turnaround: How Successful Leaders Transform Low-Performing Schools. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Leithwood, K, Seashore-Louis, K, Anderson, S. (2004) Review of Research: How Leadership Influences Student Learning. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement. Google Scholar | |
|
Malaysian Education Blueprint (2013) Malaysia Education Blue-print 2013: Preliminary Report 2013-2025. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.my/en/pelan-pembangunan-pendidikan-malaysia-2013-2025 (accessed 24 April 2016). Google Scholar | |
|
Marsh, JA, Farrell, CF (2015) How leaders can support teachers with data-driven decision making: A framework for understanding capacity building. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 43(2): 269–289. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Meindl, J, Ehrlich, S, Dukerich, J (1985) The romance of leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly 30: 78–102. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Merriam, SB (1998) Qualitative Research and Case Study Application in Education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Miles, MB, Huberman, AM (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Møller, J, Eggen, A, Fuglestad, OL. (2005) Successful school leadership – the Norwegian case. Journal of Educational Administration 43(6): 584–594. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Moos, L, Johansson, O (2009) The international successful school principalship project: Success sustained? Journal of Educational Administration 47(6): 765–780. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Moos, L, Johansson, O, Day, C (eds) (2011) How School Principals Sustain Success Over Time: International Perspectives. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer-Kluwer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Morrison, K (2002) School Leadership and Complexity Theory. London: Routledge Falmer. Google Scholar | |
|
Murakami-Ramalho, E, Garza, E, Merchant, B (2010) Successful school leadership in socio-economically challenging contexts: School principals creating and sustaining successful school improvement. International Studies in Educational Administration 32(3): 35–55. Google Scholar | |
|
Noman, M, Kaur, A (2015) Parents’ perception of dimensions of quality K-12 schools in Bangkok, Thailand. International Journal of Management in Education 9(4): 396–410. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Northouse, PG (2012) Leadership: Theory and Practice. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Olsen, G, Fuller, ML (2008) Home-School Relations: Working Successfully with Parents and Families. Merrill, pp.129–130, New York: Allyn Bacon. Google Scholar | |
|
Papa, R, English, F (2011) Turnaround Principals for Underperforming Schools. R&L Education, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Pashiardis, P, Savvides V Lytra, E, Angelidou, K (2011) Successful school leadership in rural contexts: The case of Cyprus. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 39(5): 536–553. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Patton, MQ (2001) Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Patton, MQ (1999) Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Services Research 34(5 Part II): 1189–1208. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Raihani (2008) An Indonesian model of successful school leadership. Journal of Educational Administration 46: 481–496. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rice, JK (2010) Principal effectiveness and leadership in an era of accountability: What research says. Calder Brief 8. Washington DC: The Urban Institute. Available at: www.urban.org. Google Scholar | |
|
Robinson, V, Hohepa, M, Lloyd, C (2009) School Leadership and Student Outcomes: Identifying what works and why. Best Evidence Synthesis Iteration (BES). Wellington: Ministry of Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Rooney, J (2013) For principals: Planning the first year. Educational Leadership 70(9): 73–76. Google Scholar | |
|
Saldaña, J (2009). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Seashore Louis, K, Leithwood, K, Wahlstrom, K, Anderson, S (2010) Learning From Leadership: Investigating the Links to Improved Student Learning. Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement/University of Minnesota and Ontario Institute for Studies in Education/University of Toronto. Google Scholar | |
|
Sergiovanni, TJ (1990) Adding value to leadership gets extraordinary results. Educational Leadership 47(8): 23–27. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Sheppard, A (2009) School attendance and attainment: Poor attendee’s perceptions of school work and parental involvement in their education. British Journal of Special Education 36(2): 104–111. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Stake, RE (1995) The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Strauss, A, Corbin, J (1998) Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Stroud, V (2005) Sustaining skills in headship. Educational Management Administration and Leadership 34(1): 89–103. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Van der Vyver, CP, Van der Westhuizen, PC, Meyer, LW (2014) Caring school leadership: A South African study. Educational Management Administration and Leadership 42(1): 61–74. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Walker, A, Dimmock, C (2002) Moving school leadership beyond its narrow boundaries: Developing a cross-cultural approach. In: Leithwood, K, Hallinger, P (eds) Second International Handbook of Educational Leadership and Administration. The Netherlands: Klewer, pp.167–202. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
West-Burnham, J (1997) Reflections on leadership in self-managing schools. In: Davies, B, Ellison, L (eds) School Leadership for the 21st Century. London: Routledge, pp.135–143. Google Scholar | |
|
Wilson, D (2011) Successful educational leadership at high performing schools. US-China Education Review 8(3): 393–398. Google Scholar | |
|
Wong, K (2005) Conditions and practices of successful principalship in Shanghai. Journal of Educational Administration 43(6): 552–562. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Yin, RK (1994) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Yin, RK (2003) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar | |
|
Yin, RK (2009) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Google Scholar |

