Abstract
Despite extensive research supporting its use, including the 2004 publication of A Nation Deceived, acceleration is an underutilized strategy for meeting the academic needs of gifted and talented students. Parents’ and educators’ attitudes and beliefs about acceleration influence the extent to which it is implemented in schools. This study investigated gifted and talented educators’ attitudes toward acceleration using a 7-point rating scale measuring concerns about acceleration, beliefs about acceleration, and support for specific acceleration strategies. Data indicated there were no differences in attitudes among teachers from rural, suburban, or urban school districts. Overall, the least popular acceleration strategies were also the easiest to implement, but caused the greatest change in students’ environments (i.e., grade-skipping and early entrance to kindergarten). As expected, the educators were most troubled by social issues and least concerned about academic issues related to acceleration.
|
Archambault, F. X., Westberg, K. L., Brown, S. W., Hallmark, B. W., Emmons, C. L., Zhang, W. (1993). Regular classroom practices with gifted students: Results of a national survey of classroom teachers. Storrs: The University of Connecticut. Google Scholar | |
|
Assouline, S. G., Colangelo, N., Ihrig, D., Forstadt, L., Lipscomb, J., Lupkowski-Shoplik, A. E. (2003, November). The Iowa Acceleration Scale: Two validation studies. Paper presented at the National Association for Gifted Children Convention, Indianapolis, IN. Google Scholar | |
|
Bain, S. K., Bliss, S. L., Choate, S. M., Brown, K. S. (2007). Serving children who are gifted: Perceptions of undergraduate planning to become teachers. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 30, 450-478. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Barnett, L. B., Durden, W. G. (1993). Education patterns of academically talented youth. Gifted Child Quarterly, 37, 161-168. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Benbow, C. P., Lubinski, D., Shea, D. L., Eftekhari-Sanjani, H. (2000). Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability at age 13: Their status 20 years later. Psychological Science, 11, 474-480. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Bleske-Rechek, A., Lubinski, D., Benbow, C. P. (2004). Meeting the educational needs of special populations: Advanced Placement’s role in developing exceptional human capital. Psychological Science, 11, 474-480. Google Scholar | |
|
Brewer, E. W., Landers, J. M. (2005). A longitudinal study of the talent search program. Journal of Career Development, 31, 195-208. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Brody, L. E., Assouline, S. G., Stanley, J. C. (1990). Five years of early entrants: Predicting successful achievement in college. Gifted Child Quarterly, 34, 138-142. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Brody, L. E., Benbow, C. P. (1987). Accelerative strategies: How effective are they for the gifted? Gifted Child Quarterly, 31, 105-110. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Burney, V. H. (2008, March). School context and academic achievement in high ability adolescents. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY. Google Scholar | |
|
Butcher, A. P. (2003). Qualitative research study of high-achieving females’ life experiences impacting success (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Aurora University, IL. Google Scholar | |
|
Callahan, C., Smith, R. M. (1990). Keller’s personalized system of instruction in a junior high gifted program. Roeper Review, 13, 39-44. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Caplan, S. M., Henderson, C. E., Henderson, J., Fleming, D. L. (2002). Socioemotional factors contributing to adjustment among early-entrance college students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 46, 124-134. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Chilton, C. M. (2001). The math achievement, experiences, and attitudes of gifted and promising math students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Arizona State University, Tempe. Google Scholar | |
|
Cognard, A. M. (1996). The case for weighting grades and waiving classes for gifted and talented high school students (RM96226). Storrs, CT: National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented. Google Scholar | |
|
Colangelo, N., Assouline, S. G., Gross, M. U. M. (Eds.). (2004). A nation deceived: How schools hold back America’s brightest students. Iowa City: University of Iowa. Google Scholar | |
|
Colangelo, N., Assouline, S. G., Lupkowski-Shoplik, A. E. (2004). Whole-grade acceleration. In Colangelo, N., Assouline, S. G., Gross, M. U. M. (Eds.), A nation deceived: How schools hold back America’s brightest students (Vol. 2, pp. 77-86). Iowa City: University of Iowa. Google Scholar | |
|
Colangelo, N., Assouline, S. G., Marron, M. A., Castellano, J. A., Clinkenbeard, P. R., Rogers, K., Smith, D. (2010). Guidelines for developing an academic acceleration policy. Journal of Advanced Academics, 21, 180-203. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Cornell, D. G. (1994). Young women who entered college early: A follow-up report. College and University, 69, 136-145. Google Scholar | |
|
Cornell, D. G., Callahan, C. M., Bassin, L. E., Ramsay, S. G. (1991). Affective development in accelerated students. In Southern, W. T., Jones, E. D. (Eds.), The academic acceleration of gifted children (pp. 74-101). New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Davis, G. A., Rimm, S. B., Siegle, D. (2011). Education of the gifted and talented (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Google Scholar | |
|
Espenshade, T. J., Hale, L. E., Chung, C. V. (2005). The frog pond revisited: High school academic context, class rank, and elite college admission. Sociology of Education, 78, 269-293. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gagné, F., Gagneir, N. (2004). The socio-affective and academic impact of early entrance to school. Roeper Review, 26, 128-138. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gross, M. U. M. (1992). The use of radical acceleration in cases of extreme intellectual precocity. Gifted Child Quarterly, 36, 91-99. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gross, M. U. M. (1994). Radical acceleration: Responding to the academic and social needs of extremely gifted adolescents. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 5, 27-34. Google Scholar | |
|
Gross, M. U. M. (1999). Small poppies: Highly gifted children in the early years. Roeper Review, 21, 207-214. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gross, M. U. M. (2005). Radical acceleration and early entrance to college: A review of the research. Gifted Child Quarterly, 49, 154-171. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gross, M. U. M. (2006). Exceptionally gifted children: Long-term outcomes of academic acceleration and nonacceleration. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 29, 404-429. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Gross, M. U. M., vanVliet, H. E. (2005). Radical acceleration and early entry to college: A review of the research. Gifted Child Quarterly, 49, 154-171. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Harris, C. R. (1990). The Hollingworth longitudinal study: Follow-up, findings, and implications [Special Issue: Leta Stetter Hollingworth]. Roeper Review, 12, 216-222. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hobson, J. R. (1963). High school performance of underage pupils initially admitted to kindergarten on the basis of physical and psychological examinations. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 23, 159-170. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hoogeveen, L., van Hell, J. G., Verhoeven, L. (2004). Teacher attitudes toward academic acceleration and accelerated students in the Netherlands. Journal of the Education of the Gifted, 29, 30-59. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Hoogeveen, L., van Hell, J. G., Verhoeven, L. (2009). Self-concept and social status of accelerated and nonaccelerated students in the first 2 years of secondary school in the Netherlands. Gifted Child Quarterly, 53, 50-67. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Ingersoll, K. S., Cornell, D. G. (1995). Social adjustment of female early college entrants in a residential school program. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 19, 45-62. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Janos, P. M. (1987). A fifty-year follow-up of Terman’s youngest college students and IQ-matched agemates. Gifted Child Quarterly, 31, 55-58. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Janos, P. M., Robinson, N. M. (1985). The performance of students in a program of radical acceleration at the university level. Gifted Child Quarterly, 29, 175-179. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Janos, P. M., Robinson, N. M., Carter, C., Chapel, A., Cufley, R., Curland, M., Wise, A. (1988). A cross-sectional developmental study of the social relations of students who enter college early. Gifted Child Quarterly, 32, 210-215. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Janos, P. M., Robinson, N. M., Lunneborg, C. E. (1989). Markedly early entrance to college: A multi-year comparative study of academic performance and psychological adjustment. Journal of Higher Education, 60, 495-518. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Jones, E. D., Southern, W. T. (1992). Programming, grouping, and acceleration in rural school districts: A survey of attitudes and practices. Gifted Child Quarterly, 32, 112-117. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kolitch, E. R., Brody, L. E. (1992). Mathematics acceleration of high talented students: An evaluation. Gifted Child Quarterly, 32, 78-86. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kulik, J. A. (2004). Meta-analytic studies of acceleration. In Colangelo, N., Assouline, S. G., Gross, M. U. M. (Eds.), A nation deceived: How schools hold back American’s brightest students: Vol. 2 (pp. 13-22). Iowa City: The University of Iowa. Google Scholar | |
|
Kulik, J. A., Kulik, C. C. (1992). Meta-analytic findings on grouping programs. Gifted Child Quarterly, 36, 73-77. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lubinski, D., Benbow, C. P. (2006). Study of mathematically precocious youth after 35 years: Uncovering antecedents for the development of math-science expertise. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 316-345. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lubinski, D., Webb, R. M., Morelock, M. J., Benbow, C. P. (2001). Top 1 in 10,000: A 10-year follow-up of the profoundly gifted. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 718-729. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lupkowski, A. E., Whitmore, M., Ramsey, A. (1992). The impact of early entrance to college on self-esteem: A preliminary study. Gifted Child Quarterly, 36, 87-90. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lupkowski-Shoplik, A. E., Assouline, S. G. (1994). Evidence of extreme mathematical precocity: Case studies of talented youths. Roeper Review, 16, 144-151. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Marsh, H. W. (1987). The big-fish-little-pond effect on academic self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 280-295. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McCluskey, K. W., Baker, P. A., Massey, K. J. (1996). A twenty-four year longitudinal look at early entrance to kindergarten. Gifted and Talented International, 11, 72-75. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McCluskey, K. W., Massey, K. J., Baker, P. A. (1997). Early entrance to kindergarten: An alternative to consider. Gifted and Talented International, 12, 27-30. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McHugh, M. W. (2006). Governor’s schools: Fostering the social and emotional well-being of gifted and talented students. Journal for Secondary Gifted Education, 17, 50-58. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Muratori, M., Colangelo, N., Assouline, S. (2003). Early-entrance students: Impressions of their first semester of college. Gifted Child Quarterly, 47, 219-238. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
National Association for Gifted Children, & Council of State Directors of Program for the Gifted . (2009). State of the states in gifted education, 2008-2009, summary of findings. Washington, DC: National Association for Gifted Children. Google Scholar | |
|
Noble, K. D., Arndt, T., Nicholson, T., Sletten, T., Zamora, A. (1999). Different strokes: Perceptions of social and emotional development among early college entrants. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 10, 77-84. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Noble, K. D., Childers, S. A. (2008). A passion for learning: The theory and practice of optimal match at the University of Washington. Journal of Advanced Academics, 19, 236-270. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Noble, K. D., Drummond, J. E. (1992). But what about prom? Students’ perceptions of early college entrance. Gifted Child Quarterly, 36, 106-111. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Noble, K. D., Robinson, N. M., Gunderson, S. A. (1993). All rivers lead to the sea: A follow-up study of young adults. Roeper Review, 15, 124-129. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Olszewski-Kubilius, P. (1995). A summary of research regarding early entrance to college. Roeper Review, 18, 121-126. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Olszewski-Kubilius, P. (1998). Research evidence regarding the validity and effects of talent search educational programs. Gifted Child Quarterly, 52, 55-69. Google Scholar | |
|
Olszewski-Kubilius, P., Laubscher, L., Wohl, V., Grant, B. (1996). Issues and factors involved in credit and placement for accelerated summer coursework. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 8, 5-15. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Plucker, J. A., Taylor, J. W. V. (1998). Too much too soon? Non-radical advanced grade placement and the self-concept of gifted students. Gifted Educational International, 12, 121-135. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Poelzer, G. H., Feldhusen, J. F. (1996). An empirical study of the achievement of International Baccalaureate students in biology, chemistry, and physics—In Alberta. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 8, 28-40. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Rambo, K. E., McCoach, D. B. (2012). Teacher attitudes toward subject-specific acceleration: Instrument development and validation. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 35, 129-152. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Reis, S. M., Westberg, K. L. (1994). An examination of current school district policies: Acceleration of secondary students. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 5, 7-18. Google Scholar | |
|
Reis, S. M., Westberg, K. L., Kulikowich, J. M., Purcell, J. H. (1998). Curriculum compacting and achievement test scores: What does the research say? Gifted Child Quarterly, 42, 123-129. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Richardson, T. M., Benbow, C. (1990). Long-term effects of acceleration on the social-emotional adjustment of mathematically precocious youths. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 464-470. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Robinson, N. M. (2004). Effects of academic acceleration on the social-emotional status of gifted students. In Colangelo, N., Assouline, S. G., Gross, M. U. M. (Eds.), A nation deceived: How schools hold back America’s brightest students: Vol. 2 (pp. 59-67). Iowa City: University of Iowa. Google Scholar | |
|
Robinson, N. M., Janos, P. M. (1986). Psychological adjustment in a college-level program of marked academic acceleration. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 15, 51-60. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Rogers, K. B. (1992). A best-evidence synthesis of research on acceleration options for gifted students. In Colangeo, N., Assouline, S. G., Ambroson, D. L. (Eds.), Talent development: Proceedings of the 1991 Henry B. and Jocelyn Wallace national research symposium on talent development (pp. 406-409).Waco, TX: Prufrock Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Rogers, K. B. (2004). The academic effects of acceleration. In Colangelo, N., Assouline, S., Gross, M. U. M. (Eds.), A nation deceived: How schools hold back American’s brightest minds (Vol. 2, pp. 47-57). Iowa City: The University of Iowa. Google Scholar | |
|
Rogers, K. B., Young, M., Lonergan, R. (2008, May). A best-evidence synthesis of the research on academic acceleration: 1990-present. Poster presented at the Ninth Biennial Wallace National Research Symposium on Talent Development, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Google Scholar | |
|
Sankar-Deleeuw, N. (2002). Gifted preschoolers: Parent and teacher views on identification, early admission, and programming. Roeper Review, 24, 172-177. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Saylor, M. F., Brookshire, W. K. (1993). Social, emotional, and behavioral adjustment of accelerated students, students in gifted classes, and regular students in eighth grade. Gifted Child Quarterly, 37, 150-154. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Sethna, B. N., Wickstrum, C. D., Boothe, D., Stanley, J. C. (2001). The advanced academy of Georgia: Four years as a residential early-college entrance program. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 13, 11-22. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Shaunessy, E., Suldo, S. M., Hardesty, R. B., Shaffer, E. J. (2006). School functioning and psychological well-being of International Baccalaureate and general education students: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 17, 76-82. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Southern, W. T., Jones, E. D. (1991). The academic acceleration of gifted children. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Southern, W. T., Jones, E. D. (2004). Types of acceleration: Dimensions and issues. In Colangelo, N., Assouline, S., Gross, E. (Eds.), A nation deceived: How schools hold back America’s brightest students (pp. 5-12). Iowa City: University of Iowa. Google Scholar | |
|
Southern, W. T., Jones, E. D., Fiscus, E. D. (1989). Practitioner objections to the academic acceleration of gifted children. Gifted Child Quarterly, 33, 29-35. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Stanley, J. C. (1973). Accelerating the educational progress of intellectually gifted youths. Educational Psychologist, 10, 133-146. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Stanley, J. C. (1985). How did six highly accelerated gifted students fare in graduate school? Gifted Child Quarterly, 29, 180. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Stanley, J. C. (1988). Some characteristics of SMPY’s 700-800 on SAT-M before age 13 group. Gifted Child Quarterly, 32, 205-209. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Stanley, J. C., McGill, A. M. (1986). More young entrants to college: How did they fare. Gifted Child Quarterly, 30, 70-73. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Swiatek, M. A. (2002). A decade of longitudinal research on academic acceleration through the study of mathematically precocious youth. Roeper Review, 24, 141-145. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Swiatek, M. A., Benbow, C. P. (1991a). Ten-year longitudinal follow-up of ability-matched accelerated and unaccelerated gifted students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 528-538. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Swiatek, M. A., Benbow, C. P. (1991b). A ten-year longitudinal follow-up of participants in a fast-paced mathematics course. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 22, 138-150. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Swiatek, M. A., Benbow, C. P. (1992). Nonintellectual correlates of satisfaction with acceleration: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 699-723. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Taylor, M. L., Porath, M. (2006). Reflections on the International Baccalaureate Programme: Graduates’ perspectives. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 18, 21-30. Google Scholar | |
|
Townsend, M. A., Patrick, H. (1993). Academic and psychological apprehensions of teachers and teacher trainees toward the educational acceleration of gifted students. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 28, 29-41. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
VanTassel-Baska, J. (1992). Educational decision making on acceleration and grouping. Gifted Child Quarterly, 36, 68-72. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wells, R., Lohman, D., Marron, M. (2009). What factors are associated with grade acceleration? An analysis and comparison of two U.S. databases. Journal of Advanced Academics, 20, 248-273. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Whitlock, M. S., DuCette, J. P. (1992). Outstanding and average teachers of the gifted: A comparison study. Gifted Child Quarterly, 33, 15-21. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Worrell, F. C., Szarko, J. E., Gabelko, N. H. (2001). Multi-year persistence of nontraditional students in academic talent development programs. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 12, 80-89. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |

