Mindfulness Meditation Reduces Implicit Age and Race Bias: The Role of Reduced Automaticity of Responding

First Published November 24, 2014 Research Article

Authors

1
 
Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA
by this author
, 1
 
Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA
by this author
First Published Online: November 24, 2014

Research has shown that mindfulness can positively affect peoples’ lives in a number of ways, including relying less on previously established associations. We focused on the impact of mindfulness on implicit age and racial bias as measured by implicit association tests (IATs). Participants listened to either a mindfulness or a control audio and then completed the race and age IATs. Mindfulness meditation caused an increase in state mindfulness and a decrease in implicit race and age bias. Analyses using the Quad Model showed that this reduction was due to weaker automatically activated associations on the IATs.

Alberts, H. J. E. M., Mulkens, S., Smeets, M., Thewissen, R. (2010). Coping with food cravings. Investigating the potential of a mindfulness-based intervention. Appetite, 55, 160163.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Alberts, H. J. E. M., Thewissen, R., Raes, L. (2012). Dealing with problematic eating behaviour. The effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on eating behaviour, food cravings, dichotomous thinking and body image concern. Appetite, 58, 847851. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.009
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Baer, R. A., Carmody, J., Hunsinger, M. (2012). Weekly change in mindfulness and perceived stress in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 755765. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21865
Google Scholar
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M. A., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N., Carmody, J.…Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230241.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822848.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Carmody, J., Reed, G., Kristeller, J., Merriam, P. (2008). Mindfulness, spirituality, and health-related symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 393403. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.06.015
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Casper, C., Rothermund, K., Wentura, D. (2010). Automatic stereotype activation is context dependent. Social Psychology, 41, 131136. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000019
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Ciesla, J., Reilly, L., Dickson, K., Emanuel, A., Updegraff, J. (2012). Dispositional mindfulness moderates the effects of stress among adolescents: Rumination as a mediator. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 760770. Retrieved from http://0-search.proquest.com.catalog.lib.cmich.edu/docview/1220367169?accountid=10181
Google Scholar
Collard, P., Avny, N., Boniwell, I. (2008). Teaching mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) to students: The effects of MBCT on the levels of mindfulness and subjective well-being. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 21, 323336. doi:10.1080/09515070802602112
Google Scholar | Crossref
Condon, P., Desbordes, G., Miller, W. B., DeSteno, D. (2013). Meditation increases compassionate responses to suffering. Psychological Science, 24, 21252127. doi:10.1177/0956797613485603
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Conrey, F. R., Sherman, J. W., Gawaronski, B., Hugenberg, K., Groom, C. J. (2005). Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The Quad model of implicit task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 469487.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 13141329. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1314
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Cropley, M., Ussher, M., Charitou, E. (2007). Acute effects of a guided relaxation routine (body scan) on tobacco withdrawal symptoms and cravings in abstinent smokers. Addiction, 102, 989993. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01832.x
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Dasgupta, N., Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800814.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Dasgupta, N., McGhee, D. E., Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R. (2000). Automatic preference for white Americans: Eliminating the familiarity explanation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 316328. doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1418
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 518. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Devine, P. G., Forscher, P. S., Austin, A. J., Cox, W. T. L. (2012). Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 12671278.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Djikic, M., Langer, E. J., Stapleton, S. F. (2008). Reducing stereotypes through mindfulness: Effects on automatic stereotype-activated behavior. Journal of Adult Development, 15, 106111.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Gaertner, S. L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 6268.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 10131027. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In Dovidio, J., Gaertner, S. L. (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 6189). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Retrieved from http://0-search.proquest.com.catalog.lib.cmich.edu/docview/617239473?accountid=10181
Google Scholar
Galdi, S., Arcuri, L., Gawronski, B. (2008). Automatic mental associations predict future choices of undecided decision-makers. Science, 321, 11001102.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Gawronski, B., Hofmann, W., Wilbur, C. J. (2006). Are “implicit” attitudes unconscious? Consciousness & Cognition, 15, 485499.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Gibson, B., Lueke, A. K., Bushman, B. J. (2014). Video games and stereotype to behavior effects: Playing or watching a black avatar in a video game decreases intellectual performance. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Google Scholar
Gonsalkorale, K., Allen, T. J., Sherman, J. W., Klauer, K. C. (2010). Mechanisms of group membership and exemplar exposure effects on implicit attitudes. Social Psychology, 41, 158168.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., Allen, T. J., Klauer, K. C., Amodio, D. M. (2011). Accounting for successful control of implicit racial bias: The roles of association activation, response monitoring, and overcoming bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 15341545. doi:10.1177/0146167211414064
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., Klauer, K. C. (2014). Measures of implicit attitudes may conceal differences in implicit associations: The case of antiaging bias. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 271278.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 427.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 325.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 14641480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197216.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Gunaratana, B. H. (2002). Mindfulness in plain English. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
Google Scholar
Hafenbrack, A. C., Kinias, Z., Barsade, S. G. (2014). Debiasing the mind through meditation: Mindfulness and the sunk-cost bias. Psychological Science, 25, 369376. doi:10.1177/0956797613503853.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Hanh, T. N. (2008). The world we have: A Buddhist approach to peace and ecology. Berkeley, CA: Parallax Press.
Google Scholar
Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., O’Brien, L. T., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S. (2002). Using the implicit association test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions. Psychology and Aging, 17, 482495. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.482
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Ito, T. A., Chiao, K. W., Devine, P. G., Lorig, T. S., Cacioppo, T. (2006). The influence of facial feedback on race bias. Psychological Science, 17, 256261. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01694.x
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Kang, Y., Gray, J. R., Dovidio, J. F. (2014). The nondiscriminating heart: Lovingkindness meditation training decreases implicit intergroup bias. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 13061313.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Kang, Y., Gruber, J., Gray, J. R. (2013). Mindfulness and de-automatization. Emotion Review, 5, 192201.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Killingsworth, M. A., Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science, 330, 932.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Langer, E. J., Bashner, R. S., Chanowitz, B. (1985). Decreasing prejudice by increasing discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 113120. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.113
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
McConnell, A. R., Leibold, J. M. (2001). Relations among the implicit association test, discriminatory behavior, and explicit measures of racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 435442. doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1470
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Meissner, F., Rothermund, K. (2013). Estimating the contributions of associations and recoding in the implicit association test: The ReAL model for the IAT. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 4569. Retrieved from http://0-dx.doi.org.catalog.lib.cmich.edu/10.1037/a0030734
Google Scholar
Mrazek, M. D., Franklin, M. S., Phillips, D. T., Baird, B., Schooler, J. W. (2013). Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering. Psychological Science, 24, 776781. doi:10.1177/0956797612459659
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Olson, M. A., Fazio, R. H. (2006). Reducing automatically activated racial prejudice through implicit evaluative conditioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 421433. doi:10.1177/0146167205284004
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Ostafin, B. D., Bauer, C., Myxter, P. (2012). Mindfulness decouples the relation between automatic alcohol motivation and heavy drinking. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31, 729745.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Ostafin, B. D., Kassman, K. T. (2012). Stepping out of history: Mindfulness improves insight problem solving. Consciousness and Cognition, 21, 10311036.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Ostafin, B. D., Marlatt, A. (2008). Surfing the urge: Experiential acceptance moderates the relation between automatic alcohol motivation and hazardous drinking. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 404418.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Paolini, B., Burdette, J. H., Laurienti, P. J., Morgan, A. R., Williamson, D. A., Rejeski, W. J. (2012). Coping with brief periods of food restriction: Mindfulness matters. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 4, 19. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2012.00013
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Papies, E. K., Barsalou, L. W., Custers, R. (2012). Mindful attention prevents mindless impulses. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 291299. doi:10.1177/1948550611419031
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Payne, B. K. (2005). Conceptualizing control in social cognition: How executive functioning modulates the expression of automatic stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 488503. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.488
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Payne, B. K., Lambert, A. J., Jacoby, L. L. (2002). Best laid plans: Effects of goals on accessibility bias and cognitive control in race-based misperceptions of weapons. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 384396. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00006-9
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Plant, E. A., Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811832. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.811
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Richeson, J. A., Ambady, N. (2003). Effects of situational power on automatic racial prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 177183. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00521-8
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Rudman, L. A., Ashmore, R. D., Gary, M. L. (2001). Unlearning automatic bias: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 856868.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Rudman, L. A., Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 743762.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Gonsalkorale, K., Hugenberg, K., Allen, T. J., Groom, C. J. (2008). The self-regulation of automatic associations and behavioral impulses. Psychological Review, 115, 314335.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Sim, J. J., Correll, J., Sadler, M. S. (2013). Understanding police and expert performance: When training attenuates (vs. exacerbates) stereotypic bias in the decision to shoot. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 291304. doi:10.1177/0146167212473157
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Sinclair, S., Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D., Colangelo, A. (2005). Social tuning of automatic racial attitudes: The role of affiliative motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 583592. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.583
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Stanley, D. A., Sokol-Hessner, P., Banaji, M. R., Phelps, E. A. (2011). Implicit race attitudes predict trustworthiness judgments and economic trust decisions. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 77107775. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014345108
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Yang, G., Gibson, B., Lueke, A. K., Huesmann, L. R., Bushman, B. J. (2014). Effects of avatar race in violent video games on racial attitudes and aggression. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 698704.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Ziegert, J. C., Hanges, P. J. (2005). Employment discrimination: The role of implicit attitudes, motivation, and a climate for racial bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 553562. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.553
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI

Access content

To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access.
  • Access Options

    My Account

    Welcome
    You do not have access to this content.

    Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

    Click the button below for the full-text content

    请点击以下获取该全文

    Institutional Access

    does not have access to this content.

    Purchase Content

    24 hours online access to download content

    Added to Cart

    Cart is full

    There is currently no price available for this item in your region.

    Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Find out about Lean Library here


Purchase

SPP-article-ppv for GBP29.00
SPP-article-ppv for $37.50
Single Issue 24 hour E-access for GBP158.73
Single Issue 24 hour E-access for $203.50

Top