Abstract
According to the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), to be college and career ready students must be able to construct logical arguments using facts and reason. A feminist perspective provides an alternative point of view on the value of argumentation. The purpose of this study was to question the theories that frame the current CCSS 9–12 English language arts (ELA) standards and to propose alternative theories to be considered by literacy pedagogues in teaching of the standards. I conducted a thematic content analysis of the 9–12th grade writing standards and related content in the CCSS for ELA. Data revealed two shared areas between feminist pedagogy and ELA CCSS: (a) value of critical thinking; and (b) teachers’ and students’ power to make decisions about class content. However, three points of differences also became clear: (a) view of literacy as classified; (b) lack of women’s voices; and (c) hierarchy of academic writing styles. Implications for practice require teachers to use a dialogic rather than a monologic framework for writing instruction.
|
Akyea, S. G., Sandoval, P. (2004). A feminist perspective on student assessment: An epistemology of caring and concern. Radical Pedagogy. Retrieved from http://www.radicalpedagogy.org/radicalpedagogy.org/A_Feminist_Perspective_on_Student_Assessment__An_Epistemology_of_Caring_and_Concern.html Google Scholar | |
|
Andreotti, V. (2011). Actionable postcolonial theory in education. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Aronson, M. (2012). The problem with Common Core’s Appendix B. School Library Journal. Retrieved from http://www.slj.com/2012/08/opinion/consider-the-source/consider-the-source-the-problem-with-common-cores-appendix-b/#_ Google Scholar | |
|
Au, W. (2007). High-stakes testing and curricular control: A qualitative metasynthesis. Educational Researcher, 36, 258–267. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays. Austin: University of Texas Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bauer, D. M. (2003). The other “F” word: The feminist in the classroom. In Kirsch, G. E., Maor, F. S., Massey, L., Nickoson-Massey, L., Sheridan-Rabideau, M. P. (Eds.), Feminism and composition: A critical sourcebook (pp. 351–362). Urbana, IL: NCTE. Google Scholar | |
|
Berger, M. T. (2013). Learning from women’s studies. Contexts, 12, 76–79. doi:10.1177/1536504213487706 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Bernstein, B. (1975). Class, codes and control. London, England: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bishop, R. S. (2012). Reflections on the development of African American children’s literature. Journal of Children’s Literature, 38, 5–13. Google Scholar | |
|
Blackburn, J. (2012). Feminist composition pedagogy and the hypermediated fractures in the contact zone. Composition Forum, 25. Retrieved from http://compositionforum.com/issue/25/hypermediated-fractures.php Google Scholar | |
|
Blake, B. E. (1997). She say he say: Urban girls write their lives. Albany: State University of New York Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Breeze, W. (2007). Constructing a male pedagogy: Authority, practice, and authenticity in the composition classroom. Feminist Teacher: A Journal of the Practices, Theories, and Scholarship of Feminist Teaching, 18, 59–73. Google Scholar | |
|
Butler, J. (1998). Subjects of sex/gender/desire. In Squires, J., Kemp, S. (Eds.), Feminisms (pp. 273–291). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Capobianco, B. M. (2007). Science teachers’ attempts at integrating feminist pedagogy through collaborative action research. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 44, 1–32. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Carmichael, S. B., Martino, G., Porter-Magee, K., Wilson, W. S. (2010). The state of State Standards – and the Common Core – in 2010.Washington, DC: Thomas B. Fordham Institute. Retrieved from http://edexcellence.net/publications-issues/publications/the-state-of-state.html Google Scholar | |
|
Christianakis, M. (2010). “I don’t need your help!” Peer status, race, and gender during peer writing interactions. Journal of Literacy Research, 42, 418–458. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Davies, M., Devlin, M. T. (2007). Interdisciplinary higher education: Implications for teaching and learning [pdf]. Centre for the Study of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://cshe.unimelb.edu.au/resources_teach/curriculum_design/docs/InterdisciplinaryHEd.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Dewey, J. (1938/2007). Experience and education. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Google Scholar | |
|
Egan-Robertson, A. (1998). Learning about culture, language, and power: Understanding relationships among personhood, literacy practices, and intertextuality. Journal of Literacy Research, 30, 449–487. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Easley, A. (1997). Toward a feminist theory of teaching argument writing. Feminist Teacher, 11, 30–38. Google Scholar | |
|
Eudey, B. (2012). Civic engagement, cyberfeminism, and online learning: Activism and service learning in women’s and gender studies courses. Feminist Teacher, 22, 233–250. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Foss, S. K., Griffin, C. L. (1995). Beyond persuasion: A proposal for an invitational rhetoric. Communication Monographs, 62, 2–18. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Foucault, M. (1984). The Foucault reader. New York, NY: Random House. Google Scholar | |
|
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed (Ramos, Myra Bergman , Trans.). New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group. Google Scholar | |
|
Frey, O. (1990). Beyond literary Darwinism: Women’s voices and critical discourse. College English, 52, 507–526. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Fulkerson, R. (1990). Composition theory in the eighties: Axiological consensus and paradigmatic diversity. College Composition and Communication, 41, 409–429. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Fulkerson, R. (1996). Teaching the argument in writing. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. Google Scholar | |
|
Gallego, M. A., Hollingsworth, S. (Eds.). (2000). What counts as literacy?: Challenging the school standard. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53, 106–116. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gearhart, S. (1979). The womanization of rhetoric. Women’s Studies International Quarterly, 2, 195–201. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gilbert, P. (1989). Personally (and passively) yours: Girls, literacy and education. Oxford Review of Education, 15, 257–265. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Google Scholar | |
|
Graff, G. (2003). Clueless in academe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Graff, G., Birkenstein, C. (2010). They say, I say: The moves that matter in academic writing. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. Google Scholar | |
|
Graham, S. (2006). Strategy instruction and the teaching of writing: A meta-analysis. In McArthur, C. A., Graham, S., Fitzgerald, J. (Eds.), Handbook of writing research (pp. 187–207). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Grant, C. A., Sleeter, C. E. (2009). Turning on learning: Five approaches for multicultural teaching plans for race, class, gender and disability. Indianapolis, IN: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Gresham, M., Hartley, C. (1999). The use of electronic communication in facilitating feminine modes of discourse: An Irigaraian heuristic. In Blair, K., Takayoshi, P. (Eds.), Feminist cyberscapes: Mapping gendered academic spaces (pp. 227–256). Stamford, CT: Ablex. Google Scholar | |
|
Hays, J. (1995). A development feminist pedagogy of writing. In Phelps, L. W., Emig, J. (Eds.), Feminine principles and women’s experience in American composition and rhetoric (pp. 153–190). Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburg Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Hoffman, J. V., Wilson, M. B., Martínez, R. A., Sailors, M. (2011). Content analysis: The past, present, and future. In Duke, N. K., Mallett, M. H. (Eds.), Literacy research methodologies (2nd ed., pp. 28–49). New York, NY: Guillford. Google Scholar | |
|
hooks, b. (1994). Teaching to transgress: Education as the practice of freedom. New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Jarret, S. C. (2003). Feminism and composition: The case for conflict. In Kirsch, G. E., Maor, F. S., Massey, L., Nickoson-Massey, L., Sheridan-Rabideau, M. P. (Eds.), Feminism and composition: A critical sourcebook (pp. 263–281). Urbana, IL: NCTE. Google Scholar | |
|
Jones, A. (1993). Becoming a ‘girl’: Post-structuralist suggestions for educational research. Gender and Education, 5, 157–166. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gardiner, J. K. (2002). Rethinking collectivity: Chicago feminism, Athenian democracy, and the consumer university. In Wiegman, R. (Ed.), Women’s studies on its own (pp. 191–201). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). But that’s just good teaching! The case for culturally relevant pedagogy. Theory into Practice, 34, 159–165. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lamb, C. E. (1991). Beyond argument in feminist composition. College Composition and Communication, 42, 11–24. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lewis, C. (2000). Critical issues: Limits of identification: The personal, pleasurable, and critical in reader response. Journal of Literacy Research, 32, 253–266. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lloyd, K. (2013). Crossing cultural and gender borders to change the way we use discourse in the classroom. CEA Forum, 42, 246–261. Google Scholar | |
|
Luce-Kapler, R. L. (1999). As if women writing. Journal of Literacy Research, 31, 267–291. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lunsford, A. A., Ede, L. (2012). Writing together: Collaboration in theory and practice. Boston, MA: Bedford. Google Scholar | |
|
Luhmann, S. (2012). Pedagogy. In Orr, C. M., Braithwaite, A., Lichtenstein, D. (Eds.), Rethinking women’s and gender studies (pp. 65–81). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Martin, C. (2013, 4 4). Atlanta cheating scandal and Lance Armstrong: How to avoid ‘ethical slip’. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2013/0404/Atlanta-cheating-scandal-and-Lance-Armstrong-How-to-avoid-ethical-slip Google Scholar | |
|
Meyer, S. L. (1993). Refusing to play the confidence game: The illusion of mastery in the reading/writing of texts. College English, 55, 46–63. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Micciche, L. R. (2014). Feminist pedagogies. In Tate, G., Taggart, A. R., Schick, K., Hessler, H. B. (Eds.), A guide to composition pedagogies (pp. 128–145). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
National Governor’s Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers . (2010a). Common core state standards for English language arts. Washington, DC: Authors. Google Scholar | |
|
National Governor’s Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers . (2010b). Common core state standards for English language arts: Appendix A: Research supporting key elements of the standards. Washington, DC: Authors. Google Scholar | |
|
National Governor’s Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers . (2010c). Common core state standards for English language arts: Appendix B: Text exemplars and sample performance tasks. Washington, DC: Authors. Google Scholar | |
|
National Governor’s Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers . (2010d). Common core state standards for English language arts: Appendix C: Samples of student writing. Washington, DC: Authors. Google Scholar | |
|
Noddings, N. (1988). An ethic of caring and its implications for instructional arrangements. American Journal of Education, 96, 215–230. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Orr, C. M., A. Braithwaite, A., Lichtenstein, D. (Eds.). (2012). Continuing the conversation. In Rethinking women’s and gender studies (pp. 329–332). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Peterson, S. (2006). Influence of gender on writing development. In McArthur, C. A., Graham, S., Fitzgerald, J. (Eds.), Handbook of writing research (pp. 311–323). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Renshaw, P. D. (2004). Dialogic learning teaching and instruction. In Linden, J. van der, Renshaw, &P. D. (Eds.), Dialogic learning: Shifting perspectives to learning, instruction, and teaching (pp. 1–15). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Reynolds, N. (1993). Ethos as location: New sites for understanding discursive authority. Rhetoric Review, 11, 325–338. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rogers Cherland, M., Harper, H. (2007). Advocacy research in literacy education: Seeking higher ground. Malwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Schillinger, T. (2011). Blurring boundaries: Two groups of girls collaborate on a wiki. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 54, 403–413. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schultz, K. (1996). Between school and work: The literacies of urban adolescent females. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 27, 517–544. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Selfe, C. (2008). Technology and literacy: A story about the perils of not paying attention. In Sidler, M., Morris, R., Smith, E. O. (Eds.), Computers in the composition classroom: A critical sourcebook (pp. 93–115). Boston, MA: Bedford. Google Scholar | |
|
Shrewsbury, C. M. (1993). What is feminist pedagogy? Women’s Studies Quarterly, 21, 8–15. Google Scholar | |
|
Siebler, K. (2008). Composing feminisms: How feminists have shaped composition theories and practices. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Sleeter, C., Stillman, J. (2005). Standardizing knowledge in a multicultural society. Curriculum Inquiry, 35, 27–45. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Springen, K. (2012, 7 16). What common core means for publishers. Publishers Weekly, 14–17. Google Scholar | |
|
Strough, J., Diriwachecter, R. (2000). Dyad gender differences in preadolescents’ creative stories. Sex Roles, 43, 43–60. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Tannen, D. (1998). The argument culture: Moving from debate to dialogue. New York, NY: Random House. Google Scholar | |
|
Tannen, D. (2002). Agonism in academic discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 34, 1651–1669. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Tompkins, J. (1988). Fighting words: Unlearning to write the critical essay. Georgia Review, 42, 585–590. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Twomey, S. J. (2011). Girls, computers, and “becoming”: “The Pink Voice” writing project. Journal of Youth Studies, 14, 795–810. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Webb, L. M., Allen, M. W., Walker, K. L. (2002). Feminist pedagogy: Identifying basic principles. Academic Exchange, 6, 67–72. Google Scholar | |
|
Weiler, K. (1991). Freire and a feminist pedagogy of difference. Harvard Educational Review, 61, 449–475. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
White, J. (1990). On literacy and gender. In Carter, R. (Ed.), Knowledge about languages and the curriculum (pp. 181–196). London, England: Hodden & Stroughton. Google Scholar | |
|
Williams, J. M., McEnerney, L. (n.d.). Writing in college: A short guide to college writing [pdf]. Retrieved from http://writingprogram.uchicago.edu/resources/collegewriting/wic1.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Wilson, S. (1999). Pedagogy, emotion, and the protocol of care. In Blair, K., Takayoshi, P. (Eds.), Feminist cyberscapes: Mapping gendered academic spaces (pp. 133–151). Stamford, CT: Ablex. Google Scholar | |
|
Wynhoff Olson, A., SangHee, R., Bloome, D. (2013). (Re)Constructing rationality and social relations in the teaching and learning argumentative writing in two high school English language arts classrooms. In Dunston, P. J., King Fullerton, S. (Eds.), 62nd yearbook of the literacy research association (pp. 359–376). Altamonte Springs, FL: LRA. Google Scholar | |
|
Zawacki, T. M. (1992). Recomposing as a woman—An essay in different voices. College Communication and Composition, 43, 32–38. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |

