Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the reasons why undergraduate music majors pursue a career in music performance. The authors surveyed music majors at seven institutions and asked them about the main reasons as to why they were considering a career in music performance. Participant responses yielded qualitative data that the authors coded, through a grounded theory approach, into the following four themes: enjoyment, ability, usefulness, and identity. That is, students reported that they enjoyed playing music, they had the ability to succeed, they believed that music performance was useful, and they viewed themselves as musicians. The authors examine these results through the lens of three psychological constructs (i.e., affect, expectancy, and value). To better understand the implications for best practice in music career education, the authors compare the results of the present study with the results of prior studies investigating the reasons why music majors choose a career in music education.
|
Asmus, E.P. ( 1986a). Student beliefs about the causes of success and failure in music: A study of achievement motivation. Journal of Research in Music Education, 34, 262-278. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Asmus, E.P. ( 1986b, April). Factors students believe to be the causes of success of failure in music. Paper presented at the National Biennial In-Service Conference of the Music Educators National Conference, Anaheim, CA. Google Scholar | |
|
Asmus, E.P. ( 1987, May). The effect of grade level and motivation level on high school student’s beliefs of the causes for their success in music . Paper presented at the Southeastern Music Education Symposium, Athens, GA. Google Scholar | |
|
Asmus, E.P. , & Harrison, C.S. (1990). Characteristics of motivation for music and musical aptitude of undergraduate non-music majors. Journal of Research in Music Education, 38, 258-268. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Baskerville, D. ( 1982). Career programs in higher education. Music Educators Journal, 69(2), 33-34. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Bergee, M.J. ( 1992). Certain attitudes toward occupational status held by music education majors. Journal of Research in Music Education , 40, 104-113. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Bergee, M.J. , Coffman, D. , Demorest, S. , Humphreys, J. , & Thornton, L. ( 2001). Influences on collegiate students’ decision to become a music educator. MENC: The National Association for Music Education. Retrieved from http://www.menc.org/resources/view/influences-on-collegiate-students-decision-to-become-a-music-educator Google Scholar | |
|
Bergee, M.J. , & Demorest, S.M. (2003). Developing tomorrow’s music teachers today. Music Educators Journal, 89(4), 17-20. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Bergee, M.J. , & Grashel, J.W. ( 2002). Relationship of generalized self efficacy, career decisiveness, and general teacher efficacy to preparatory music teachers’ professional self efficacy. Missouri Journal of Research in Music Education , 39, 4-20. Google Scholar | |
|
Brand, M. ( 2002). The love of music is not enough. Music Educators Journal, 88(5), 45-53. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Brand, M. , & Miller, S.D. ( 1980). Career counseling in music education. Music Educators Journal, 67(1), 49-51. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Davies, J.B. ( 1978). The psychology of music. London: Hutchinson. Google Scholar | |
|
Eccles, J. , Adler, T.F. , Futterman, R. , Goff, S.B. , Kaczala, C.M. , Meece, J.L. , & Midgley, C. ( 1983). Expectancies, values, and academic behaviors. In J. T. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motivation (pp. 75-146). San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman. Google Scholar | |
|
Eccles, J. , Wigfield, A. , Harold, R. , & Blumenfeld, P.B. (1993). Age and gender differences in children’s self- and task perceptions during elementary school. Child Development, 64, 830-847. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Eccles, J.S. ( 2005). Subjective task value and the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choices. In A. J. Elliot & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 105-121). New York, NY : Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Eccles, J.S. , & Wigfield, A. ( 1995). In the mind of the actor: The structure of adolescents’ achievement task values and expectancy-related beliefs. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 215-225. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gillespie, R. , & Hamann, D.L. ( 1999). Career choice among string music education students in American colleges and universities. Journal of Research in Music Education, 47, 266-278. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Glaser, B.G. , & Strauss, A.L. ( 1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine. Google Scholar | |
|
Hallam, S. ( 1997). Approaches to instrumental music practice of experts and novices. In H. Jørgensen & A. C. Lehmann (Eds.), Does practice make perfect? Current theory and research on instrumental music practice (pp. 89-107). Oslo , Norway: Norges musikkhøgskole. Google Scholar | |
|
Hellman, D. ( 2008). Do music education majors intend to teach music? An exploratory survey. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education , 27(1), 65-70. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Huron, D.B. ( 2006). Sweet anticipation: Music and the psychology of expectation . Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Jones, B.D. , & Parkes, K.A. ( 2010). The motivation of undergraduate music students: The impact of identification and talent beliefs on choosing a career in music education . Journal of Music Teacher Education, 19(2), 41-56. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Kaplowitz, M.D. , Hadlock, T.D. , & Levine, R. ( 2004). A comparison of web and mail survey response rates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 68, 94-101. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kemp, A. ( 1996). The musical temperament. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Kvet, E.J. , & Watkins, R.C. ( 1992). Success attributes in teaching music as perceived by elementary education majors. Journal of Research in Music Education, 41, 70-80. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Legette, R.M. ( 1998). Causal beliefs of public school students about success and failure in music. Journal of Research in Music Education , 46, 102-111. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lehmann, A.C. , Sloboda, J.A. , & Woody, R.H. ( 2007). Psychology for musicians: Understanding and acquiring the skills. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Madsen, C.K. , & Kelly, S.N. ( 2002). First remembrances of wanting to become a music teacher . Journal of Research in Music Education, 50, 323-332. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Marcone, S. ( 1982). Choosing a career in music. Music Educators Journal, 69(2), 36. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Meece, J.L. , Wigfield, A. , & Eccles, J.S. ( 1990). Predictors of math anxiety and its consequences for young adolescents’ course enrollment intentions and performances in mathematics . Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 60-70. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Myer, L.B. ( 1956). Emotion and meaning in music. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
National Association of Schools of Music. ( 2011). Handbook [Electronic version]. Retrieved from http://nasm.arts-accredit.org/index.jsp?page=Handbook202010-11 Google Scholar | |
|
O’Neill, S.A. , & McPherson, G.E. (2002). Motivation. In R. Parncutt & G. E. McPherson (Eds.), The science and psychology of music performance: Creative strategies for teaching and learning (pp. 31-46). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ormrod, J.E. ( 2008). Educational psychology: Developing learners. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Google Scholar | |
|
Parkes, K.A. ( 2007). Pre-service music education students’ sense of teacher efficacy. In R. Rideout (Ed.), New York Symposium on Policies and Practices: Rethinking Music Teacher Preparation in the 21st Century (pp. 161-171). Amherst: Department of Music and Dance, University of Massachusetts . Google Scholar | |
|
Parkes, K.A. ( 2010). Teacher efficacy: Its importance in music teacher education curriculum. In M. Schmidt (Ed.), Collaborative action for change: Selected proceedings from the 2007 Symposium on Music Teacher Education (pp. 141-151). Lanham, MD : MENC/Rowman & Littlefield Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Parncutt, R. ( 2007). Can researchers help artists? Music performance research for music students. Music Performance Research, 1(1), 1-25. Google Scholar | |
|
Parsons, J.E. , Adler, T. , & Meece, J. ( 1984). Sex differences in achievement: A test of alternate theories . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 26-43. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Price, H.E. ( 1986). A proposed glossary for use in affective response literature in music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 34(3), 151-159. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Radocy, R.E. , & Boyle, J.D. ( 2003). Psychological foundations of musical behavior. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas. Google Scholar | |
|
Roberts, B.A. ( 1993). I, musician: Towards a model of identity construction and maintenance by music education students as musicians. St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada: Memorial University of Newfoundland. Google Scholar | |
|
Rumery, K. ( 1982). Developments in music career education. Music Educators Journal, 69(2), 35. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Ruthsatz, J. , Detterman, D. , Griscom, W. , & Cirullo, B. ( 2008). Becoming an expert in the musical domain: It takes more than just practice. Intelligence, 36, 330-338. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schmidt, C.P. , Zdzinski, S.F. , & Ballard, D.L. ( 2006). Motivation orientations, academic achievement, and career goals of undergraduate music education majors. Journal of Research in Music Education, 54, 138-153. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Schmidt, L. ( 1977). The importance of career education. Music Educators Journal, 63(7), 40-41. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Strauss, A. , & Corbin, J. ( 1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Thompson, W.F. ( 2009). Music, thought, and feeling: Understanding the psychology of music. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Thornton, L. , & Bergee, M. ( 2008). Career choice influences among music education students at major schools of music. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 177, 7-17. Google Scholar | |
|
Wigfield, A. ( 1994). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation: A developmental perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 6, 49-78. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wigfield, A. , & Eccles, J.S. ( 1992). The development of achievement task values: A theoretical analysis. Developmental Review, 12, 265-310. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wigfield, A. , & Eccles, J.S. ( 2000). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 68-81. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Wigfield, A. , O’Neill, S.A. , & Eccles, J.S. ( 1999, April). Children’s achievement values in different domains: Developmental and cultural differences. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque, NM. Google Scholar | |
|
Woodford, P. ( 2002). The social construction of music teacher identity in undergraduate music education majors. In R. Colwell & C. Richardson (Eds.), The new handbook on research on music teaching and learning (pp. 675-694). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar |

